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AP Bio Chapter 7
Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| amphipathic | Having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region |
| integral protein | A transmembrane protein with hydrophobic regions that extend into and often completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane and with hydrophilic regions in contact with the aqueous solution on one or both sides of the membrane. |
| peripheral protein | A protein loosely bound to the surface of a membrane or to part of an integral protein and not embedded in the lipid bilayer. |
| glycoprotein | A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates. |
| glycolipid | A lipid with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates |
| transport protein | A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane. |
| aquaporin | A channel protein in a cellular membrane that specifically facilitates osmosis, the diffusion of free water across the membrane. |
| passive transport | The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy. |
| diffusion | The random thermal motion of particles of liquids, gases, or solids. Diffusion results in the net movement of a substance from a region where it is more concentrated to a region where it is less concentrated. |
| concentration gradient | A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases. |
| osmosis | The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane. |
| osmoregulation | Regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism. |
| turgid | Swollen or distended, as in plant cells. (A walled cell becomes turgid if it has a lower water potential than its surroundings, resulting in entry of water.) |
| turgor pressure | The force directed against a plant cell wall after the influx of water and swelling of the cell due to osmosis. |
| tonicity | The ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water. |
| isotonic | Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, causes no net movement of water into or out of the cell. |
| hypertonic | Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water. |
| hypotonic | Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water. |
| plasmolysis | A phenomenon in walled cells in which the cytoplasm shrivels and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall; occurs when the cell loses water to a hypertonic environment. |
| facilitated diffusion | The passage of molecules or ions down their electrochemical gradient across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane transport proteins, requiring no energy expenditure. |
| active transport | The movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient, mediated by specific transport proteins and requiring an expenditure of energy. |
| sodium-potassium pump | A transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that actively transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell. |
| proton pump | An active transport protein in a cell membrane that uses ATP to transport hydrogen ions out of a cell against their concentration gradient, generating a membrane potential in the process. |
| ligand-gated ion channel | A transmembrane protein containing a pore that opens or closes as it changes shape in response to a signaling molecule (ligand), allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions; also called an ionotropic receptor. |
| ligand | A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one. |
| exocytosis | The cellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane. |
| endocytosis | Cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via formation of vesicles from the plasma membrane. |
| phagocytosis | A type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell. It is carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals (in mammals, mainly macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells). |
| pinocytosis | A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes. |
| receptor-mediated endocytosis | The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the infolding of vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances. |
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Laurenel1616
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