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AP Psych: Learning
Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, Skinner
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| habituation | an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it |
| associative learning | learning that certain events occur together, whether that's two stimuli (classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (operant conditioning) |
| classical conditioning | a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events |
| behaviorism | the view, articulated by John B. Watson, that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes |
| neutral stimulus (NS) | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that doesn't elicit a response prior to becoming the CS (tone) |
| unconditioned stimulus (US) | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that naturally or automatically triggers a response (UR) |
| unconditioned response (UR) | in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an US |
| conditioned response (CR) | in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS) |
| conditioned stimulus (CS) | in classical conditioning, a previously irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an US, comes to trigger a CR |
| acquisition | in classical conditioning, the linking of a NS and and US so that the NS begins triggering the CR. in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response |
| extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response; in classical conditioning, when an US doesn't follow a CS; in operant conditioning, when when a response is no longer reinforced |
| spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished CR |
| discrimination | in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal an US |
| John B. Watson | 1920s behaviorist who believed that human emotions and behaviors, though biologically influenced, are mainly a bundle of CR |
| Ivan Pavlov | discovered classical conditioning |
| operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher |
| law of effect | Edward Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
| operant chamber (Skinner box) | a chamber used in operant conditioning research that allows an animal to use a bar or key to obtain a reinforcer with attached devices to measure the rate of the animal's usage |
| shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward successively closer approximations of the desired behavior |
| discriminative stimulus | the stimulus that is present when the behavior is reinforced, as opposed to another stimulus that is not associated with reinforcement |
| positive reinforcement | increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers |
| positive reinforcer | any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response |
| negative reinforcement | increasing behaviors by removing or reducing negative stimuli (relief) |
| primary reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus |
| conditioned/secondary reinforcer | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer |
| reinforcement schedule | a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced |
| continuous reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs (ratio) |
| partial (intermittent) reinforcement | reinforcing a response only some of the time; slower but enduring learning (interval) |
| fixed-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
| variable-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses |
| fixed-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed |
| variable-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals |
| punishment | an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows |
| B.F. Skinner | a behaviorist who developed the idea of operant conditioning, the idea that behavior is determined by its consequences |
| positive punishment | administer an aversive stimulus |
| negative punishment | withdraw a rewarding stimulus |
Created by:
CeceliaG
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