Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, Skinner
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| habituation | an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it
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| associative learning | learning that certain events occur together, whether that's two stimuli (classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (operant conditioning)
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| classical conditioning | a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
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| behaviorism | the view, articulated by John B. Watson, that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes
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| neutral stimulus (NS) | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that doesn't elicit a response prior to becoming the CS (tone)
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| unconditioned stimulus (US) | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that naturally or automatically triggers a response (UR)
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| unconditioned response (UR) | in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an US
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| conditioned response (CR) | in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
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| conditioned stimulus (CS) | in classical conditioning, a previously irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an US, comes to trigger a CR
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| acquisition | in classical conditioning, the linking of a NS and and US so that the NS begins triggering the CR. in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response
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| extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response; in classical conditioning, when an US doesn't follow a CS; in operant conditioning, when when a response is no longer reinforced
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| spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished CR
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| discrimination | in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal an US
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| John B. Watson | 1920s behaviorist who believed that human emotions and behaviors, though biologically influenced, are mainly a bundle of CR
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| Ivan Pavlov | discovered classical conditioning
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| operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
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| law of effect | Edward Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
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| operant chamber (Skinner box) | a chamber used in operant conditioning research that allows an animal to use a bar or key to obtain a reinforcer with attached devices to measure the rate of the animal's usage
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| shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward successively closer approximations of the desired behavior
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| discriminative stimulus | the stimulus that is present when the behavior is reinforced, as opposed to another stimulus that is not associated with reinforcement
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| positive reinforcement | increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers
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| positive reinforcer | any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response
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| negative reinforcement | increasing behaviors by removing or reducing negative stimuli (relief)
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| primary reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus
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| conditioned/secondary reinforcer | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
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| reinforcement schedule | a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
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| continuous reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs (ratio)
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| partial (intermittent) reinforcement | reinforcing a response only some of the time; slower but enduring learning (interval)
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| fixed-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
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| variable-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
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| fixed-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
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| variable-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
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| punishment | an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows
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| B.F. Skinner | a behaviorist who developed the idea of operant conditioning, the idea that behavior is determined by its consequences
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| positive punishment | administer an aversive stimulus
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| negative punishment | withdraw a rewarding stimulus
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Created by:
CeceliaG
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