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Vocab Ch. 2 (#2)
Honors Biology Ch.2 (#2) Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anion | A negatively charged ion |
| atom | The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element |
| atomic nucleus | An atom’s dense central core, containing protons and neutrons. |
| atomic number | The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript |
| atomic weight | The total mass of an atom, numerically equivalent to the mass in grams of 1 mole of the atom |
| cation | A positively charged ion |
| chemical bond | An attraction between two atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells. |
| chemical equilibrium | In a chemical reaction, the state in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction, so that the relative concentrations of the reactants and products do not change with time |
| chemical reaction | The making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter |
| compound | A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio |
| covalent bond | A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons |
| double bond | A double covalent bond; the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons by two atoms |
| electron shell | An energy level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom |
| electron | A subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge |
| energy level | the fixed amount of energy that a system described by quantum mechanics, such as a molecule, atom, electron, or nucleus, can have |
| energy | The capacity to cause change, especially to do work |
| hydrogen bond | A type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule |
| ion | An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge |
| adhesion | The clinging of one substance to another, such as water to plant cell walls, in this case by means of hydrogen bonds |
| kinetic energy | The energy associated with the relative motion of objects. Moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter |
| polar molecule | A molecule (such as water) with an uneven distribution of charges in different regions of the molecule |
| solute | A substance that is dissolved in a solution |
| solution | A liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances |
| solvent | The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known |
| specific heat | The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1 degree C |
| hydrophilic | Having an affinity for water |
| hydrophobic | Having no affinity for water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water |
| ionic bond | A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions |
| ionic compound | A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions |
| isotope | One of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, thus differing in atomic mass |
| mass number | The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus |
| matter | Anything that takes up space and has mass |
| molecule | Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
| neutron | A subatomic particle having no electrical charge (electrically neutral) |
| nonpolar covalent bond | A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity |
| potential energy | The energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure) |
| product | A material resulting from a chemical reaction |
| proton | A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge |
| radioactive isotope | An isotope (an atomic form of a chemical element) that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy |
| reactant | A starting material in a chemical reaction |
| salt | A compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called an ionic compound |
| trace element | An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts |
| valence electron | An electron in the outermost electron shell |
| valence shell | The outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom |
| valence | The bonding capacity of a given atom; the number of covalent bonds an atom can form, which usually equals the number of unpaired electrons in its outermost (valence) shell |
| Van der Walls interactions | Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from transient local partial charges |
| pH | A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to the negative log of the concentration of hydrogen ions and ranging in value from 0 to 14 |
| surface tension | A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid |
| temperature | A measure in degrees of the average kinetic energy (thermal energy) of the atoms and molecules in a body of matter |
| cohesion | The linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds |
| evaporative cooling | The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state |
| heat of vaporization | The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state |
| hydrogen ion | A single proton with a charge of 1-plus |
| electronegativity | The attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond |
| element | Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by chemical reactions |
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