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Alcohol
Chapter 7 of Human Nutrition
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| alcohol | Class of organic compounds that contain one or more hydroxyl groups attached to carbons. Examples include ethanol, glycerol, and methanol. Ethanol is often referred to as "alcohol." |
| ethanol | Type of alcohol, specifically ethyl alcohol (C₂H₂OH), found in alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer, and liquor. |
| The difference between glycerol and ethanol | Glycerol has three hydroxyl groups and ethanol only has one. |
| ferment (fermentation) | Process by which yeast converts sugar in grains or fruits into grains into ethanol and carbon dioxide |
| The characteristics of wine depend on what | Whether the wine is spicy, zesty, acidic, or sweet-vary depending on the types of grapes or fruit that are used, where they are grown, and the climate. |
| distillation | Evaporation and then collection of a liquid by condensation. Liquors are made using distillation. |
| proof | Measure of the amount of ethanol contained in alcoholic beverages. |
| Ingredients to make beer | Malted cereal grains |
| social drinking | Moderate drinking of alcoholic beverages in social settings within safe limits. |
| moderate drinking | According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, up to one drink per day for women and up to two drinks a day for men. |
| Binge drinking | Drinking excessive quantities of alcohol in a short amount of time |
| Digestion of alcohol | Absorbed by simple diffusion through the gastric mucosa into the bloodstream. As soon as alcohol enters the blood, it travels throughout the body and is distributed throughout the watery tissues. It quickly reaches the brain. |
| How fast alcohol is absorbed | Many factors, including gender, age, ethnicity, and the amount of alcohol consumed, affect how quickly alcohol is absorbed; however, a key factor influencing alcohol absorption is the amount and type of food in the stomach. |
| alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) | One of the alcohol-metabolizing enzymes, found in the stomach and the liver, that converts ethanol to acetaldehyde. |
| acetaldehyde | One of the first compounds produced in the metabolism of ethanol. Eventually, acetaldehyde is converted to carbon dioxide and water and excreted. |
| acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) | Alcohol-metabolizing enzyme found in the liver that converts acetaldehyde to acetate. |
| Alcohol metabolism | The stomach metabolizes it a little bit, it flows through the bloodstream, then the small intestine, and lastly the liver. Liver does most of the work. |
| Two pathways to metabolize alcohol | The ADH pathway and the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system |
| ADH pathway | Ethanol is converted to acetaldehyde, then acetaldehyde is converted to acetate |
| microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) | Second major enzyme system in the Iver that metabolizes alcohol |
| alcohol tolerance | State in which the body has adjusted to long-term alcohol use by becoming less sensitive to the alcohol. More alcohol needs to be consumed in order to get the same euphoric effect. |
| microsomes | Small vesicles in the cytoplasm of liver cells where oxidative metabolism of alcohol takes place. |
| blood alcohol concentration (BAC) | Amount of alcohol in the blood. BAC is measured in grams of alcohol per deciliter of blood, usually expressed as a percentage. |
| microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) pathway | Occurs when ADH enzymes are overwhelmed and can't turn ethanol into acetaldehyde. |
| What happens to 5% of alcohol that isn't metabolized | Excreted through the lungs (breathalyzer test), the skin in perspiration, and through the kidneys to urine. |
| Difference in alcohol metabolism in men versus women | men have more muscle, thus the alcohol distributes more evenly. women also have less ADH enzymes |
| Effects of alcohol on the brain | Cerebral cortex: senses, hippocampus: memories, cerebellum: balance and movement, brainstem: breathing and circulation. Excessive alcohol induces loss of consciousness |
| blackout | Amnesia for events that occurred while a person was intoxicated. |
| alcohol poisoning | State in which the BAC gets so high that basic physiological functions including breathing, heart rate, and the gag reflex are depressed. This can lead to choking. Brain damage can occur. |
| Illegal BAC for driving | 0.08 BAC; alcohol level in the blood doesn't need to get that high to impair driving |
| Injuries of alcohol influence | sexual assault, unsafe sex, suicide attempts, and property damage |
| alcohol and sleep | drinking alcohol before sleeping disrupts sleep. causes middle-of-night wakefulness and makes returning to sleep a challenge. don't drink after a poor night's sleep. |
| hangover | Collective term for the unpleasant symptoms, such as a headache and dizziness, that occur after drinking an excessive amount of alcohol; many of the symptoms are caused by high levels of acetaldehyde in the blood. |
| congeners | Fermentation by-products in alcoholic beverages that may contribute to hangover symptoms. |
| Cure for a hangover | Time, not long walks, hot showers, or caffeine. DO NOT TAKE acetaminophen when hungover |
| gastritis | Inflammation of the lining in the stomach |
| primary malnutrition | State of being malnourished due to poor diet, consuming either too much or too little of a nutrient or energy. |
| Long term effects of alcohol | Weight gain, liver disease, impaired digestion, absorption, and nutrient metabolism |
| secondary malnutrition | State of being malnourished due to interference with nutrient absorption or metabolism. |
| Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome | Severe brain disorder associated with chronic excessive alcohol consumption; symptoms include vision changes, loss of muscle coordination, and loss of memory; the cause is a thiamin deficiency. |
| alcoholic liver disease | Degenerative liver condition that occurs in three stages (1) fatty Iiver, (2) alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. |
| alcoholic hepatitis | Stage 2 of alcoholic liver disease, in which the liver becomes inflamed. |
| fatty liver | Stage 1 of alcoholic liver disease, in which fat begins to build up in the liver cells. |
| endotoxins | Damaging products released from the cell wall of dead bacteria, such as those in the GI tract. They can travel in the blood to the liver and initiate liver damage |
| cirrhosis | Stage 3 of alcoholic liver disease, in which liver cells die and are replaced by scar tissue |
| cardiac arrhythmia | Disturbance in the beating and rhythm of the heart; can be caused by excessive alcohol consumption |
| cardiac myopathy | Condition in which the heart becomes thin and weak and is unable to pump blood throughout the body; also called disease of the heart muscle. |
| fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) | Most severe of the fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDS); children with FAS display physical, mental, and behavioral abnormalities. |
| fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDS) | Range of conditions that can occur in children who are exposed to alcohol in utero. |
| alcoholism | Chronic disease influenced by genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors and characterized by a level of alcohol intake that causes physical, mental, social, and sometimes legal problems. |
Created by:
bsauveur
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