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BIO 120 Exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Plasma Membrane Structure | hydrophilic head with two hydrophobic tails |
| Plasma Membrane | controls traffic in and out of the cell it surrounds through selective permeability |
| Selective Permeability | small and uncharged molecules can pass through the membrane easily; large and charged need facilitation to pass |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | states that a membrane is a fluid structure with a "mosaic" of various proteins embedded in it |
| Two major types of protein | integral and peripheral |
| Integral Protein | spans entire phospholipid bilayer; hydrophilic and hydrophobic |
| Peripheral Protein | on inside or outside; only hydrophilic |
| Passive transport | moving from an area of high concentration to low concentration without the use of energy; needs a concentration of a solute difference |
| Diffusion | type of passive transport where the solute moves from an area of high to low concentration with no protein; has oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| Facilitated Diffusion | type of passive transport that needs a channel protein to facilitate movement; also moves from area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| Active Transport | needs energy (ATP); protein needed to facilitate movement; goes against the concentration gradient from an area of low concentration to high concentration |
| Osmosis | specific type of facilitated diffusion; diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane; when water is in high concentration, the solute is in low concentration |
| Tonicity | relationship of H2O to solute; direction of movement |
| Isotonic | equilibrium' solute concentration is equal to the water concentration |
| Hypertonic | the water is more concentrated inside the cell and the solute is lower, outside the cell there is less water concentration and more solute concentration resulting in a more shivered/puckered cell |
| Hypotonic | the water is less concentrated inside the cell with a higher solute concentration, outside the cell there is more water concentration and less solute concentration resulting in a cell that can lyse (burst) |
| In Plants: Result of a Hypotonic Cell | Turgid (Firm) |
| In Plants: Result of a Isotonic Solution | Flaccid (limp) and the plant may wilt |
| In Plants: Result of a Hypertonic Solution | The plasma membrane peels from the cell wall |
| Membrane Protein Functions | transport, cell-cell recognition, enzymatic activity, intercellular joining, signal transduction, attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM) |
| ATP | adenosine tri-phosphate, 3 phosphate groups, nitrogenous base (adenine), and sugar (ribose) |
| Sodium-Potassium Pump | sodium ions bond to a transport protein, ATP gives a phosphate group to the protein(energy), the protein changes shape and moves and releases the ions across the membrane, potassium ions now bond to the transfer protein and the phosphate group is released |
| What does ATP become after it donates the phosphate group in the sodium-potassium pump? | ADP (diphosphate) because ATP goes through a hydrolysis causing the loss of a phosphate group |
| Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by... | exocytosis and endocytosis |
| Exocytosis | a exocytic vesicle bulk transports material across the plasma membrane and secretes it outside the cell |
| Endocytosis | bulk transport into the cell by pinching the membrane |
| Metabolism | the sum of an organism's chemical reactions |
| Metabolic Pathways | a specific molecule is altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product. Each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme that speeds up a chemical reaction |
| Catabolic Pathways | break down complex molecules to release energy (downhill) |
| Anabolic Pathways | use energy to form complex organic molecules (uphill) |
| Energy | the capacity to cause change |
| Potential Energy | stored energy within bonds |
| Kinetic Energy | energy of movement; breaking bonds apart |
| Heat (Thermal Energy) | converted energy; lost energy when converting potential to kinetic energy |
| Chemical Energy | energy stored in the bonds of molecules |
| First law of thermodynamics | energy is not created or destroyed, it is transferred (converted) |
| Second law of thermodynamics | all systems tend to become more disorganized or random; increase in entropy |
| Entropy | a measure of molecular disorder, or randomness |
| Thermodynamics | study of energy transformations |
| Spontaneous | requires no energy (catabolic pathways) |
| Nonspontaneous | requires energy (anabolic pathways) |
| Gibs Free Energy | equation to find if the energy is available |
| ΔG | available energy |
| The relationship between the breakdown of macromolecules and the biosynthesis of macromolecules is most similar to the relationship between what? | exergonic and endergonic |
| Extracellular fluid and cytoplasm are hydrophobic or hydrophilic? | hydrophilic |
| What type of reaction would decrease the entropy within a cell? | anabolic reaction |
| A high level of organization associated with living cells if from what? | a constant input of energy |
| Enzymes are what kind of molecules? | proteins |
| Enzymes work by... | reducing activation energy and making the reaction occur quicker |
| An enzyme is... | an organic catalyst |
| What name is given to reactants in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction? | substrate |
| As a result of its involvement in a reaction, an enzyme? | is unchanged |
| When ΔG is positive... | the chemical reaction is endergonic |
| ΔS | entropy |
| When does ΔS increase? | at the bottom of the hill |
| ΔG decrease <0 | spontaneous |
| ΔG increase >0 | nonspontaneous |
| Energy coupling | working with entropy to release energy (the entire hill) |
| Three main kinds of cell work | Chemical, transport, and mechanical |
| Chemical Cell Work | synthesis of polymers |
| Transport Cell Work | movement across a membrane |
| Mechanical Cell Work | movement of chromosomes during respiration |
| Hydrolyzation of ATP provides... | energy for endergonic processes |
| Catabolic pathways provide the energy for what type of reactions? | endergonic |
| Exergonic | spontaneous, releases energy, delta G is negative, catabolic pathway |
| Endergonic | nonspontaneous, energy required, delta G is positive, anabolic pathway |
| Activation Energy (Ea) | the initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction |
| Catalyst | a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without it being consumed by the reaction |
| Enzyme | a catalytic protein; shape matters |
| Cotransport | a transport protein (a cotransporter) can couple the “downhill” diffusion of the solute to the “uphill” transport of a second substance against its own concentration gradient; another type of active transport |
| Enzyme Process | substrates bind to active site of enzyme forming an enzyme substrate complex & are held there by weak interactions. Active site can lower the Ea & speed up reaction. Substrates converted to products & released. Active site available for 2 new molecules |
| Cofactor | metals (usually copper and iron) that help the enzyme work properly |
| Coenzyme | vitamins that help the enzyme work properly |
| An enzyme's activity can be affected by | denaturing through the environment such as an increase in temperature or pH |
| Photosynthesis | converts light energy to the chemical energy of food |
| Autotrophs | sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms (plants, algae, many bacteria) |
| Hetertrophs | obtain their organic material from other organisms |
| Redox Reactions | oxidation-reduction actions |
| Oxidation Reactions | loses an electron |
| Reduction Reactions | gains an electron |
| Electron Transport Molecules | molecules involved in oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions |
| Reduction Reaction Electron Transport Molecule of Photosynthesis | NADPH |
| Oxidation Reaction Electron Transport Molecule of Photosynthesis | NADP+ |
| Two Stages of Photosynthesis | Light dependent reactions and light independent reactions |
| Where do the light dependent reactions take place? | in the thylakoids |
| Where does the Calvin Cycle (light-independent reaction) take place? | in the stroma |
| Stroma | "cytoplasm" of a chloroplast |
| Photosynthesis Equation | 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6 02 + 6 H2O |
| Photosystems | proteins with chlorophyll |
| Two Type of Photosystems | Photosystem II and Photosystem I |
| The Calvin Cycle | uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar called G3P |
| 3 Phases of Calvin Cycle | carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration of CO2 acceptor |
| Carbon Fixation | carbon brought into calvin cycle catalyzed by rubisco |
| Reduction- Calvin Cycle | creating the simple sugar from smaller CO2 molecules |
| Two types of cellular respiration | aerobic and anaerobic |
| Aerobic Cellular Respiration | harvests lots of energy |
| Anaerobic Cellular Respiration | harvests less energy |
| Aerobic Cellular Respiration Equation | C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O |
| Matrix | cytoplasm of mitochondria |
| Molecules involved in the reduction reactions of cellular respiration | NADPH and FADH2 |
| Molecules involved in the oxidation reactions of cellular respiration | NAD+ and FAD |
| 3 stages of harvesting energy from glucose | glycolysis breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate, citric acid cycle completes the breakdown of glucose, and oxidative phosphorylation accounts for most of the ATP synthesis (aerobic) |
| If a red blood cell is placed in a salt solution and bursts, what is the tonicity of the solution relative to the interior of the cell? | Hypotonic |
| Plants are photoautotrophs. What does this mean? | they use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic materials |
| In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____. | oxidative phosphorylation |
| The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____. | oxygen |
| During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____. | NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space |
| The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____. | kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient |
| In glycolysis, the carbon-containing compound that functions as the electron donor is | glucose |
| Once the electron donor in glycolysis gives up its electrons, it is oxidized to a compound called | pyruvate |
| The compound that functions as the electron acceptor in glycolysis | NAD+ |
| The reduced form of the electron acceptor in glycolysis is | NADH |
| Among the products of glycolysis, which compounds contain energy that can be used by other biological reactions? | pyruvate, ATP, and NADH |
| The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____. | water...NADPH |
| Reactant of the citric acid cycle | Acetyl CoA |
| In the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by _____. | substrate-level phosphorylation |
| Which set of reactions uses H2O and produces O2? | the light-dependent reactions |
| What is the importance of the light-independent reactions in terms of carbon flow in the biosphere? | The light-independent reactions turn CO2, a gas, into usable carbon in the form of sugars |
| What is the biological significance of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis? | they convert carbon dioxide to sugar |
| How do light-dependent and light-independent reactions interact? | The light-dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH, which are then used by the light-independent reactions |
| Which molecule is regenerated in the regeneration phase of the Calvin cycle? Without regeneration of this molecule, the Calvin cycle would stop. | RuBP |
| Steps of oxidative phosphorylation | electron transport chain, chemiosmosis-with atp synthase |
| Electrochemical gradient | as electrons pass through each complex in cellular respiration, hydrogens are pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space |
| When does fermentation/anaerobic respiration occur? | when oxygen is not present |
| Fermentation | regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis can continue; makes less energy |
| Two types of fermentation | alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation |
Created by:
kkade
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