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Energy and Life
JCTC Miller Bio 112
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Potential Energy | not actively doing work |
| Kinetic Energy | energy of motion |
| 1st Law of Thermodynamics | Energy cannot be created or destroyed |
| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics | Energy tends to disperse spontaneously |
| How many directions does energy flow? | One |
| Activation energy | required to start reactions |
| Exergonic Reaction | energy is released |
| Catabolic Reaction | same as exergonic reaction |
| Energonic Reaction | builds molecules |
| Anabolic Reaction | same as energonic reaction |
| Metabolic Pathways | move, store, and release energy |
| Enzymes | have lower activation energy (biological catylists) |
| Substrates | work on enzymes |
| Cofactors | necessary for enzyme function |
| Point Coloration | Siamese cats |
| Coenzymes | organic, modified by reactions |
| Feedback Inhibition | change in activity; stops activity |
| Allosteric Site | part of enzyme that bonds regulatory molecules |
| End Products | regulate enzyme activity |
| Reaction | a chemical change occurs |
| Reactant | molecules that enter a reaction |
| Products | molecules at reactions end |
| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate, energy carrier of living systems,little activation energy |
| Phosphorylation | used in cellular work |
| ATP-ADP cycle | ATP loses phosphate group,Phosphate is added to ADP |
| carbohydrates | polysaccharides split into simple sugars |
| Chromosomes | contain all organism information |
| Karyotype | arrangement of chromosomes |
| Chromosomes 1-22 | autosomal/somatic cells |
| Male chromosomes | X and Y |
| Female chromosomes | X and X |
| Friedrich Miescher | DNA=nuclein |
| George Mendel | 'traits are inherited' |
| Walter Sutton | 'hereditary info. located on the chromosomes' |
| Thomas Hunt Morgan | From Ky, found X Chromosome, supported Sutton`s theory |
| Phoebus Levene | 2 types of nucleic acid; identical structures |
| Oswald Avery | DNA is hereditary material |
| Erwin Chargaff | 'bases are always roughly equal' |
| George Beadle and Edward Tatum | 'one-gene-one-enzyme theory' |
| one-gene-one enzyme theory | production of an enzyme is under the control of a particular gene |
| Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase | 'DNA is hereditary material' |
| Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins | 'DNA shaped like a helix; x-ray diffraction' |
| James Watson and Francis Crick | Developed double helix model; Nobel Peace prize 1962 |
| DNA | double-stranded coiled molecule, self-replicates |
| Genome | all genetic information |
| promoters | 'start here' sequence |
| interons | extra sequences between portions |
| Telomeres | located at end of chromosomes,shorten as cell replicates |
| mutation | change in genetic message |
| transposable elements | 'jumping genes',contribute to mutation |
| Gene | unit of DNA that codes for a product |
| Gene Expression | process by which genes produce peptides and RNA |
| Messenger RNA | Made in nucleus, travels to ribosomes |
| Transfer RNA | found in cytoplasm, transports amino acids to ribosomes |
| Transcription | to copy a gene |
| Adenine | thymine |
| guanine | cytosine |
| uracil | adenine |
| Interons | extra sequences of nucleotides |
| Exon | expressed portion of the gene |
| Translation | process of making polypeptides |
| 3 Stages of translation | Initiation, elongation, termination |
| Mitosis | Produces two identical cells, Each cell has full DNA complement, Used for growth and repair of somatic cells |
| Meiosis | Produces 4 cells from parent cell, Daughter cells have half genetic complement, Produces gametes (sex cells) |
| Diploid Cells (2N) | Full genetic complement, 23 pair of chromosomes in humans |
| Haploid Cells (N) | Produced during meiosis, Contain only one set of chromosomes, Reduction of chromosomes allows for combination to form diploid zygote |
| Fertilization | One sex cell from each parent joins, Creates diploid zygote, Process is called sexual reproduction |
| Gametophyte | haploid |
| Sporophyte | diploid |
| Asexual Reproduction | All single cell eukaryotes, Some plants, Some animals |
| (Cell Cycle) Interphase | 1st phase Cell grows, Organelles replicated, DNA replicated |
| G1 Interphase | 2nd phase Cell growth, Normal life functions |
| S Interphase | 3rd phase, DNA replicated |
| G2 Interphase | 4th phase, DNA condenses into chromosomes |
| Stages of Mitosis | Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
| Prophase | 1st stage, Chromosomes shorten & thicken, Nucleolus disappears |
| Metaphase | 2nd stage, Pairs of sister chromatids align at center |
| Anaphase | 3rd stage,Chromatids separate at centromere, Chromatids pulled in two directions, Chromosomes move toward poles, Equally divides hereditary material |
| Telophase | 4th stage,Cell readied for division, Spindle fibers disassemble, Nuclear envelope reforms, Nucleolus reappears |
| Cytokinesis | Cell division after mitosis, Cleavage furrow enlarges |
| Animal Cytokinesis | Cell pinched in two, Pinching by microfilaments contracting |
| Plant Cytokinesis | New cell wall must be laid down, Cell plate forms |
| Cancer | Deregulation of cell cycle Loss of control of mitosis Result of mutation Over 200 types |
| Characteristics of Cancer | Uncontrolled cell growth Loss of cell differentiation Invasion of normal tissues Metastasis = spread |
| Stages of Cancer | Initiation Promotion Progression |
| Homologues | 2 chromosomes, same linear gene sequence |
| Interkinesis | Between meiosis I and meiosis II No DNA replication |
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