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Eukaryotic Cell
AP Bio Unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell | The basic unit of structure and function in living things |
| Prokaryote | unicellular organism lacking a nucleus |
| Eukaryote A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles | A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles |
| Chromosomes | a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. |
| Organelles | A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell |
| Nucleolus | Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes |
| Ribosomes | Makes proteins synthesis |
| Rough ER | has on it ribosomes, which are small, round organelles whose function it is to make those proteins. |
| Smooth ER | functions in many metabolic processes. It synthesizes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma membranes, and steroids. |
| Cisternae | Flattened, membrane-bound compartments that make up the Golgi apparatus. |
| Autophagy | A process in which lysosomes decompose damaged organelles to reuse their organic monomers |
| Lysosomes | Breakdown of ingested substances, damaged organelles recyled |
| Peroxisomes | Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals |
| Golgi | A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell |
| Nucleus | A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction |
| Vacuoles | Digestion, waste disposal, and storage |
| Mitochondria | An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. Powerhouse of the cell |
| Chloroplast | Photosynthesis, sunlight into chemical energy |
| Stroma | fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids |
| Microfilaments | a small rodlike structure, about 4-7 nanometers in diameter, present in numbers in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. |
| Grana | A stacked portion of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis |
| Thylakoids | A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy. |
| Intermediate Filaments | A component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments. |
| Microtubules | A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella. |
| Actin | A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells. |
| Cilia | Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion |
| Flagella | A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility. Many bacteria are flagellated, and sperm are flagellated. |
| Plasma Membrane | a microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins that forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole, and that regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm. |
| Krebs Cycle | produces molecules that carry energy to the second part of cellular respiration |
| Electron transport chain | a series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP |
| Calvin Cycle | light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar |
| Light reactions | take light into chemical energy by absorbing the sun |
| Endosymbiotic theory | a theory that states that certain kinds of prokaryotes began living inside of larger cells and evolved into the organelles of modern-day eukaryotes |
| Photosynthesis | Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy. |
| Amphipathic | having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region |
| Fluid Maosaic | Modle describe cell membranes, arrange small peaces into large |
| Intergral Proteins | Goes through the membrane, and transports glucose molecules though membrane |
| Peripheral Proteins | loosely attached, speed up a reaction or attaching to the cytoskeleton to help the cell structure. |
| Glycolipids | carbohydrates covalently bonded to lipids |
| Glycoproteins | A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates. |
| Hydrophilic | Attracted to water |
| hydrophobic | Water fearing |
| Selective Permeability | allows what goes in or out of phospholipids bilayer |
| Polar | Attracted to water |
| Non polar | doesn't dissolve in water |
| Charge | A measure of the extra positive or negative particles that an object has. |
| Cholesterol | Cold temp: keeping the phospholipids from being too packed |
| Warm temp | keep phospholipids, connect, from becoming a liquid |
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