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Exam 2-5

Genetics

TermDefinition
Mitochondrial DNA main function= oxidative phosphorylation, generate ATP energy, 17,000 base pairs, mtDNA
Chloroplast DNA main function= photosynthesis, cpDN, 10x larger than mitochondrial DNA
Maternal Inheritance offspring only depend on mother, not on father
maternal inheritance example in flowers leaves, chloroplasts inherited through cytoplasm of egg cell
human mitochondrial disease from mother to offspring via cytoplasm of the egg
heteroplasmy important in mitochondrial disease, cells contain mixed population, some carry disease and some do not
endosymbiosis theory evolutionary origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts, when bacteria took up residence within a primordial eukaryotic cell, provided eukaryotic cells with useful characteristics
Mendel's law of independent assortment violated by transmission of genes close to each other on the same chromosome
humans have ____ genes 23,000- 25,000
synteny two or more genes located on the same chromosome and are physically linked
genetic linkage phenomenon that genes close together on chromosome tend to be transmitted as a unit, influences inheritance pattern
linkage groups chromosomes, groups of genes that are linked together
Bateson + Punnett discovery flower color and pollen shape, not independent, coupled together, not easily assorted, do not always move together
crossing over linkage altered during meiosis due to this, prevents 100% linkage,
bivalents replicated sister chromatid homologous chromosomes
recombinant genotypes from crossing over, recombination of parental genotypes to create new genotypes in offspring
nonparental/recombinant cells haploid cells that contain a combination of alleles not found in the original chromosomes
recombinant offspring produced by the exchange of DNA between two homologous chromosomes
1st evidence of linkage Thomas Hunt Morgan
two-factor cross linkage between two genes
three-factor cross linkage between three genes
Morgan's Key explanations all three genes are located on the X-chromosome, all three genes tend to be transmitted together as a unit
Morgan's hypotheses 1. alleles tend to be inherited together 2. X-chromosomes can exchange pieces of the chromosomes 3. likelihood of crossing over depends on the distance between the two genes
crossover events occur more when two genes are farther apart from each other
genetic mapping/gene mapping/chromosome mapping to determine the linear order of linked genes along the same chromosome, allow us to know relative distance between linked genes
locus a genes has its own unique location
uses of genetic mapping pt1,1 1. allow us to understand complexity + organization of genes 2. cloning of genes 3. improve understanding of evolutionary relationships between species
uses of genetic mapping pt.2 4. used to diagnose + treat inherited human disease 5. help predict liklihood of couples producing children with certain inherited genes 6. provide helpful information for improving agriculturally important strains through selective breeding
Map distance= ((number of recombinant offspring) / (total number of offspring))*100
map units (mu)/ centiMorgans (cM) unit of distance on genetic maps
one mu = 1% recombination frequency (RF)
double crossover tells us which gene is in the middle, separates middle gene from genes on either side
Interference (I) P(double cross)= P(single cross b+pr) * P(single cross pr+vg) or I=1-C
positive interference phenomenon that causes unexpected results in crosses
C coefficient of coincidence, =observed number of double cross / expected number of double cross
mitotic recombination pair of recombinant chromosomes that have a new combination of alleles are produced during crossover during mitosis, rare
nonrecombinant offspring that shows one of the parental genotypes
product rule allows us to predict the likelihood of a double crossover form the individual probabilities of each single crossover
Created by: carleisapp
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