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Membrane Physiology
Class notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two main functions of a cellular membrane? | 1. Provide shape 2. Amphipathic |
| Hydrophobic wants to be | Inside, away from water |
| Hydrophilic wants to be | Outside, in contact with water |
| On a sodium channel where would you find lysine? | Inside of the channel because lysine is charged, and therefor water soluble |
| What is the only limiting factor for fat soluble compounds? | Concentration gradient |
| What are common features of all steroid hormones? | 1. Made from cholesterol 2. Hydrophobic 3. All have nuclear membrane receptor, except Cortisol |
| Which is the only steroid hormone with a cellular membrane? | Cortisol |
| What are the main features of water-soluble hormones? | 1. Hydrophilic 2. Use of second messenger to cross bilipid layer |
| What are the factors that affect water solubility diffusion? | 1. Concentration gradient 2. Size 3. Net charge 4. pH 5. Thickness of membrane 6. Surface area of membrane 7. Flux 8. Reflection coefficient |
| What is the most important factor affecting water soluble diffusion through a membrane? | Concentration gradient |
| What is more favorable for water hormones in diffusion capacity, an increase or decrease in pH? | Increase in pH, as the molecule becomes less acidic/ more alkalotic |
| In Ficks equation, which factors go on "top"? | Concentration gradient, ↑pH, surface area, and flux |
| In Ficks equation, which factors go on the "bottom"? | Size of molecule, net charge, ↓pH, thickness of membrane, reflection coefficient |
| If any factor of diffusion favors diffusion, it goes on the top or bottom of the equation? | Top |
| The closer or further from 0 the Reflection coefficient is more favorable? | Closer the better |
| A water-soluble medication is preferably given via IV or oral | IV |
| How do you increase the volume of distribution (Vd) of a water-soluble compound? | Increase the dose (concentration gradient rises) |
| What are less important function of a membrane? | 1. Create/ Maintain concentration gradients 2. Selective permeability 3. Has saturated fats 4. Has unsaturated fats |
| What are advantages of unsaturated fats over saturated fats? | Unsaturated fats: Easier to break down, better temperature regulation, and provide more fluidity of movement, especially lateral movement |
| In a cell membrane all ions are voltage regulated, except for which one that has 50% channel freely open? | K+ |
| What are the two most important essential fats? | 1. Linolenic 2. Linoleic |
| Which essential fat is the MOST relevant? | Linoleic |
| Which essential fat is used to make arachidonic acid? | Linoleic |
| What are the 3 things required for membrane movement? | 1. Calcium 2. ATP 3. Microtubules |
| What is the associated oxidized protein of aging? | Thyratron |
| What is Thyratron? | Oxidized protein associated with aging |
| What are the 3 subtypes of Phagocytosis? | Endocytosis, Exocytosis, and Pinocytosis |
| Does phagocytosis require ATP? | YES |
| What is main purpose of Endocytosis? | Cell nutrition |
| What is the main purpose of Exocytosis? | Get rid of waste products |
| What is Lipofuscin? | Brown oxidized lipid associated with aging |
| Brown oxidized lipid associated with age? | Lipofuscin |
| What is the only organ that exhibits pinocytosis? | Skin |
| What type of phagocytosis is unregulated and associated with fluids? | Pinocytosis |
| What are forms the membrane is involved in temperature regulation? | Radiation, Conduction, and Convection |
| Which kind of temperature regulative process is the most effective? | Convection |
| What is radiation? | Heat moving down a concentration gradient |
| What is Convection? | Movement of environment drags heat out of the body |
| What is the most powerful way to cool off a body? | Convection |
| Arrange from best to worst the methods to cool off the body | Convection> Conduction > Radiation |
| Which ion is the only one that want to move "OUT" of the membrane in cell membrane polarization? | K+ |
| What is the most common value for membrane potential? | -90 |
| Sodium "wants" to move out or into the cell in membrane depolarization | Into the cell |
| What is the E-ion of Sodium? | +65 |
| What is the E-ion of Potassium? | -96 |
| What is the E-ion of Chloride? | -90 |
| What is the E-ion of Magnesium and Calcium? | +120 |
| What is the formula to calculate Driving force? | (E-ion) - (E-membrane) |
| Which ions have a driving force of +210? | Magnesium and Calcium |
| In a race between sodium, calcium, and Magnesium, which has the slowest driving force? | Sodium (+155) |
| What is conductance? | Ability to make it to the other side of the membrane |
| Channels provide passage for: | Small molecules |
| Porins provide passage for: | Medium molecules (sweat) |
| Transport proteins provide passage for: | Large molecules (bicarbonate, glucose) |
| What are the main 2 features of Primary Active Transport? | 1. Requires an ATPase (energy) 2. Goes against the gradient |
| What is the most common example of a Primary Active Transport? | Na/K ATPase |
| What are two types of Secondary Active transport? | Symport or Cotransport Antiport |
| Moving in same direction as sodium | Symport or Cotransport |
| Moving in opposite direction as sodium | Antiport |
| Goes with gradient, requires other's gradient, uses energy but not ATP | Secondary Active Transport |
| What is a common example of a Symport or Cotransport? | GLUT transporters |
| What is a common example of an Antiport? | Na/Ca exchanger |
| Which is the MC second messenger? | cAMP |
| cAMP is: | Sympathetic Catabolic Most common second messenger |
| How does the Sympathetic system become active? | Phosphorylation |
| How does the Parasympathetic system become active | Dephosphorylation |
| What is a pattern of actions caused by Sympathetic activity? | ↑ Heart rate ↑ BP Vasoconstriction ↑ Contractility ↑ Ejection fraction ↑ SV Pupillary dilation |
| What is the associated second messenger of Parasympathetic? | cGMP |
| cGMP or cAMP: Parasympathetic and Anabolic | cGMP |
| Parasympathetic or Sympathetic becomes active with dephosphorylation by a phosphatase? | Parasympathetic |
| MOA of Phosphodiesterase inhibitors | Inhibit breakdown of cAMP by phosphodiesterase |
| Nitrates increase cAMP or cGMP? | cGMP |
| Which drugs are PDE-5 inhibitors? | Sildenafil, Vardenafil, and Tadalafil |
| How far apart must intake of Viagra and nitrates be separated? | At least 24 hours |
| Which Second messenger is used by all Hypothalamic hormones, except CRH? | IP3-DAG |
| Which second messenger is used by CRH? | cAMP |
| Which organs have the most of smooth muscle? | Blood vessels (arteries), GI tract, Bladder, and Uterus |
| How is the Calcium-Calmodulin complex composed? | 4 calcium molecules ---- 1 calmodulin protein |
| What second messenger system is used by all smooth muscle contraction caused by distension? | Calcium-Calmodulin Complex |
| What is the normal range of weight of a newborn? | 2500-3500 grams |
| Which hormone is the only one that uses Calcium (Ca2+) as second messenger? | Gastrin |
| Which 3 second messenger systems rely on calcium? | IP3-DAG, Calcium-Calmodulin system, and Ca2+ (gastrin) |
| Which second messenger is used by Insulin? | Tyrosine kinase |
| What uses Tyrosine kinase as second messenger? | Insulin and all growth factors (PDGF, VEGF) |
| What are two common tyrosine kinase inhibitors? | Sirolimus and Imatinib |
| What second messenger is used by endotoxin in septic shock? | NO |
| Which heart hormone uses Nitric oxide as second messenger? | ANP |
| Which part of the renal arteriole is dilated by ANP? | Afferent |
| Nitrates are | Vasodilators |
| Nitrates dilate first, and then: | Veins then Arteries |
| How long can a patient be on Nitroprusside? | 6-8 hours maximum, otherwise develops tolerance |
| How do nitrates help treating heart disease? | Venodilation, which will decrease the preload |
Created by:
rakomi
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