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CVA Test 1
Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cladistics | Evolutionary Relationships over time |
| Pleisiomorphic | Ancestral Characteristics Trait present in the common ancestor |
| Synaphomorphic | Derived Characteristics Trait we think arose somewhere on a lineage descended from that ancestor |
| Richard Owen's Archetype | One long, 2 long, blobs, appendages |
| Natural Group | Group of organisms that naturally relate Shared anatomy, DNA sequencing |
| Homology | Similar structures due to common ancestor Ignores form and function |
| Analogy | Function All soil dwellers need big claws to dig dirt |
| How many species ever on Earth are extinct? | 99.9% |
| Sala Naturae | Scale of Nature Linear (Bacteria --->Multicellular--------------->Humans) |
| Clades | Natural group of organisms with shared characteristics Related species and their common ancestor Triangle |
| 4 Characteristics of a Chordate | Hollow dorsal nerve cord Notochord Pharynx with slits Post-Anal tail |
| Hemichordata | Marine worms (Acornworm) Have pharynx and nerve cord, but no notochord or tail |
| Cephalochordata | Earliest chordates Amphioxus No true brain but notochord extends to head |
| Urochordata | Last chordates before vertebrates Adults only retain pharynx with slits Tunicates, Sea squirts, appendicularia |
| Pikaia | Fossil found in Burgess Shale Head and eyes, dorsal nerve cord, vertebral column, heart |
| Haikouella | Fossil found in China Head, eyes, brain, heart, PA tail Vertebral column |
| Characteristics of a Vertebrate | Vertebral column Defined head and face (easier to catch and process food) |
| Agnathans | Also called Ostracoderms Jawless fish No jaws, paired fins Heavy, bony plates with cartilagenous skeleton All soft tissue (shown by sedimentary impressions) 1 nasal passage (one nostril) Ex: Conodonts (found teeth), Haikouicthys, hagfish, lamprey |
| Gnathans | Also called Placoderms Jawed fish 2 sets of paired fins (pectoral and pelvic) Still cartilagenous skeleton Ex: Chondricthys (sharks, skates, rays) and Ostrichthyes (Bony fish) |
| Totipotent | Cell could be anything |
| Pleuripotent | Cell could be anything within a system |
| Blastocoel | Fluid filled chamber inside a blastula |
| Invagination | Blastula curves in on itself to make Endoderm then Mesoderm Blastocoel disappears, making the butthole. |
| Lumen | Open space inside cell layers |
| Archenteron | Primary "Gut" of an embryo |
| Blastopore | First opening in an embryo during invagination Creating an endoderm layer |
| Animal Pole | Many small cells on top of Ebryo |
| Vegetal Pole | Few large cells on bottom of Embryo |
| Macrolecithal | Lots of yolk Birds and reptiles |
| Mesolecithal | Some yolk Amphibians |
| Microlecithal | Little yolk Amphioxus |
| Holoblastic cleavage | Complete cleavage meaning it completely penetrates the egg. Usually microlecithal, because less yolk makes it easier to cleave |
| Meroblastic Cleavage | Incomplete cleavage meaning it does not fully penetrates the egg. Usually macrolecithal, because more yolk makes it harder to cleave Small cleavages all over the egg |
| Epiboly | Cells move from the surface of the blastula to the blastopore for invagination |
| Canalization | Eventual Fate of cells |
| Embryo period | Approximately 3 months of gestation |
| Fate Map | From a cell's position on the gastrula, we can predict what the cell might become |
| Neural Crest | Cell that forms through neurolation and makes many adult tissues |
| Splanchnic | Inner Tube Visceral Animal |
| Somatic | Outer Tube Somatic Animal |
| Splanchnic and Endoderm together | Splanchnopleure |
| Neurulation | The forming of the hollow dorsal nerve cord |
| Folic Acid | Essential for forming the spinal cord |
| Spinal Canal | Where the CSF is |
| Neural Plate | Racing stripe along top of organism that turns into neural groove |
| Neural Groove | Neural plate turns into a channel |
| Neural tube | Neural groove turns into a neural tube Has fluid filled neurocoel |
| Amniotes | Clade that lays eggs (with their modified descendents) |
| Why an egg? | Protective shell around baby Allows for external development of organism Porous, protective shell |
| 4 things an egg gives | Nutrition (yolk sac) Waste (allantois) Gas exchange (Chorion) Protection (Amnion) |
| Allantois | Shit bag Grows as baby grows |
| Yolk sac | Food bag Shrinks as baby grows Blood vessels break down yolk then deliver nutrients to baby |
| Choirion | Forms placenta |
| Amnion | Amniotic fluid |
| Derived from splanchnopleure | Yolk sac and waste |
| Derived from somatopleure | Chorion and Amnion |
| Tissues | Collections of similar cells and substances around them |
| Tissue classification | Structure of cells Composition of extracellular matrix Cell function |
| 4 Types of adult tissues | Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous |
| Histology | Study of tissues |
| Biopsy | Removal of tissues for diagnosis |
| Autopsy | Examination of organs of dead body to find cause of death |
| Cleavage | The cell coming in on itself to make 2, 4, 8, 16 cells Still about the same size as the egg cell Eventually makes the blastocoel |
| Gastrulation | The cells folding in on themselves to make the ectoderm, mesoderm , and endoderm |
| Splanchnopleure | Inner Tube |
| Somatopleure | Outside Somatopleure & splanchnopleure |
| Polyphylectic | Organisms that does not include the common ancestor NOT a clade |
| Paraphylectic | Common ancestor and SOME descendants |
| Monophyletic | Common ancestor and all descendants A clade |
| Homologous Structures | Similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions Ex: Arms of human, cat, whale, bat |
| Analogous Structures | Similar physical features in organisms that do not share a common ancestor, but features serve same function Ex: Bat wings and bird wings |
| Darwin's explanation for highly-conserved front limbs | Damn there must be a common ancestor |
| Owen's explanation for highly-conserved front limbs | Damn maybe God had a common plan for all animals |
| Nervous Tissue | Function : Transmit electrochemical signals and support cells Derived from Neuroectoderm |
| Muscular Tissue | Function: Contract |
| 3 types of muscular tissue | Skeletal/Straited - Myotome Cardiac - Splanchnic Hypomere Smooth - Splanchnic Hypomere |
| Embryonic Ectoderm Tissue | Epithelia (e.g. skin; ectoderm proper) and nervous tissue (neuroectoderm) |
| Embryonic Mesoderm Tissue | Forms tissues as such connective, muscle, bone, blood vessels |
| Embryonic Endoderm Tissue | Epithelia (gut lining) of many organs |
| Epithelial Tissue | The surface of a free surface, exposed to outside or a cavity Covers body surface, lines hollow organs, glands |
| Functions of Epithelial Tissue | Protection Barrier Lining Surfaces |
| Epithelial Tissue Organization | 1. # of cell layers 2. Shape of Cells |
| Simple Epithelial | # of cell layers One layer of cells |
| Stratified Epithelial | # of cell layers 2+ layers of cells Named according to cells on the bottom |
| Pseudostratified Epithelial | # of cell layers Looks like many layers but in fact is only 1 layer |
| Squamos Epithelial | Shape of Cells Flat, scale-like |
| Cuboidal Epithelial | Shape of Cells Square-like |
| Columnar Epithelial | Shape of Cells Rectangular |
| Stratified Squamous | Skin |
| Keritinized | Most surface cells are dead with no nucleus, so they store keratin instead Abrasion resistance Water Loss resistant |
| Glandular Epithelium | A gland is 1+ cells that make/secrete aqueous fluid |
| Endocrine Glands | No contact with exterior of body Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal |
| Exocrine Glands | Open to exterior of body Sweat glands, Lacrimal glands |
| Simple Exocrine Glands | Single, unbranched duct |
| Compound Exocrine Glands | Multiple, branched ducts Alveoli in lungs |
| Connective Tissue | Living cells surrounded by a non-living extracellular matrix. |
| Mesenchyme | Mobile, moving during maturation |
| 4 types of connective tissue | Connective tissue proper, Bone, Cartilage, Blood |
| Dense Connective Tissue | Rope-like, abrasion resistant, not stretchy Ex: Collagen |
| Elastic Connective Tissue | Strong, yet stretchy, lots of elastic fibers Ex: wall of aorta |
| Lacuna | a small space, containing an osteocyte in bone, or chondrocyte in cartilage. |
| Cartilage | Brittle matrix, heals slowly, Adult cells are called chondrocytes Plate-like = Non-Vascular Get nutrients through inefficient diffusion |
| 4 types of cartilage | Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage, Mucoid |
| Hyaline | Most common Plate-like Non-vascular Heals slowly Ex: Nose |
| Elastic | Stretchy, elastic fibers Ex: Ears |
| Fibrocartilage | Intervertebral discs |
| Mucoid | Snot-like Only in sharks Ampullae of Lorenzini |
| Bone Tissue Matrix | Hydroxyapatite |
| Bone Tissue | Vascular, living tissue Still use diffusion Adult cell = Osteocyte |
| Haversian Canal | microscopic tubes or tunnels in bone that allow bone to get oxygen and nutrition without being highly vascular |
| Endochondral Bone | Cartilaginous structure that is “replaced” by bone. |
| Intramembranous Bone | No cartilage precursor. Mesenchyme cells aggregate and deposit bone. |
| Osteoclast | Endochondral bone replacement Breaks down middle of bones to resculpt it larger Always still some cartilage on the ends for cushion |
| Mesenchyme Cells | Embryonic, mobile cells that migrate to middle and secrete matrix Eventually become chondrocytes |
| Cartilage Growth | Cartilage CANNOT resculpt itself. Old cells on inside, new ones on outside |
Created by:
LWright28
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