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Exam 2-3
Genetics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| pedigree for X-linked genes | mostly males affected w/mothers as carriers |
| Punnett squares of X-linked genes | differ based on gender affected |
| X-linked | hemizygous in males, only one copy, males are more likely to be affected |
| Y-linked | few genes in humans, holandric genes, only from father to son |
| pseudoautosomal inheritance | few genes found on both the X and Y chromosomes, in homologous regions |
| sex-influenced inheritance | allele is dominant in one sex but recessive in the opposite sex, only in heterozygous individuals, autosomal |
| sex-limited inheritance | occurs in only one of the two sexes, controlled by sex hormones, |
| lethal allele | one that has the potential to cause the death of an organism, mutations in essential genes, inherited recessively |
| essential genes | absolutely required for survival |
| nonessential genes | not absolutely required for survival |
| pleiotropy | expression of a single gene has two or more phenotypes, genes have multiple effects, cystic fibrosis |
| gene interactions | when two or more different genes influence the outcome of a single trait, can exhibit epistasis and complementation |
| epistasis | inheritance pattern where alleles of one gene mask the phenotypic effects of the alleles of a different gene |
| complementation | phenomenon where two parents express the same or similar recessive phenotypes produce offspring with a wild-type phenotype |
| gene modifier effect | phenomenon where an allele of one gene modifies the phenotypic outcome of the alleles of a different gene |
| gene redundancy | pattern in which the loss of function in a single gene has no phenotypic effect, but the loss of function of two genes has an effect. Only one of the two genes is necessary for normal phenotype |
| Mendelian inheritance w/two genes | epistasis, complementation, gene modifier effect, gene redundancy |
| gene duplication | gene may have two or more copies of similar genes, copies not identical due to paralogs |
| paralogs | random changes during evolution that causes duplicate genes to not be identical, can possibly survive with only one paralog |
| pleiotropy causes | gene product affect cell function in one or more ways gene expressed in different cell types genes expressed at different stages of development |
| gene knockout | techniques to directly generate loss-of-function alleles |
| coat color in rodents | C= pigmentation occurs, cc=albino, 1 copy of each dominant allele=agouti |
Created by:
carleisapp
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