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APES Ch5 Vocab
2022-2023
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Species Richness | The number of species in a given area |
| Species Eveness | The relative proportion of individuals within the different species in a given area |
| Phylogeny | The branching pattern of evolutionary relationships |
| Evolution | A change in the genetic composition of a population over time |
| Microevolution | Evolution below the species level |
| Macroevolution | Evolution that gives rise to new species, genera, families, classes, or phyla |
| Gene | A physical location on the chromosomes within each cell of an organism |
| Genotype | The complete set of genes in an individual |
| Phenotype | A set of traits expressed by an individual |
| Mutation | A random change in the genetic code produced by a mistake in the copying process |
| Recombination | The genetic process by which one chromosome breaks off and attached to another chromosome during reproductive cell division |
| Evolution by artificial selection | The process in which humans determine which individuals breed, typically with a preconceived set of traits in mind |
| Evolution by natural selection | The process in which the environment determines which individuals survive and reproduce |
| Fitness | An individual's ability to survive and reproduce |
| Adaptation | A trait that improves an individual's fitness |
| Gene Flow | The process by which individuals move from one population to another and thereby alter the genetic composition of both populations |
| Genetic Drift | A change in the genetic composition of a population over time as a result of random mating |
| Bottleneck effect | A reduction in the genetic diversity of a population caused by a reduction in its size |
| Extinction | The death of the last member of a species |
| Founder effect | A change in the genetic composition of a population as a result of descending from a small number of colonizing individuals |
| Geographic isolation | Physical separation of a group of individuals from others of the same species |
| Allopatric Speciation | The process of speciation that occurs with geographic isolation |
| Reproductive isolation | The result of two populations within a species evolving separately to the point that they can no longer interbreed and produce viable offspring |
| Sympatric speciation | The evolution of one species into two, without geographic isolation |
| Genetically modified organism (GMO) | An organism produced by copying genes from a species with a desirable trait and then inserting them into another species |
| Range of tolerance | The limits to the abiotic conditions that a species can tolerate |
| Fundamental Niche | The suite of abiotic conditions under which a species can survive, grow, and reproduce |
| Realized niche | The range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives |
| Distribution | Areas of the world in which a species lives |
| Niche generalist | A species that can live under a wide range of abiotic or biotic conditions |
| Niche specialist | A species that is specialized to live in a specific habitat or to feed on a small group of species |
| Mass Extinction | A large extinction of species in a relatively short period of time |
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