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Cardiology
PASS program drill notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How do you calculate SV? | EDV - ESV = SV |
| How do you calculate CO? | SV x HR = CO |
| What is normal CO? | 5L / minute |
| How much of this CO goes to the brain, heart, and kidney? | 20% = 1 L/minute or 60L/hr |
| How do you calculate CPP? | MAP - ICP = CPP |
| What organs have resistance in series? | Liver and Kidney |
| What organs have resistance in parallel? | All organs except liver and kidney |
| What organ has the highest A-VO2 difference at rest? | Heart |
| What organ has the highest A-VO2 difference after exercise? | Muscle |
| What organ has the highest A-VO2 difference after a meal? | Gut |
| What organ has the highest A-VO2 difference during a test? | Brain |
| What organ has the LOWEST A-VO2 difference? | Kidney |
| Where does Type A thoracic aortic dissection occur? | Ascending aorta |
| Which diseases or conditions are associated with Type A Aortic Dissection? | Cystic medial necrosis, syphilis |
| Where does Type B thoracic aortic dissection occur? | Descending aorta |
| Which conditions are strongly associated with type B thoracic aortic dissection? | Trauma and atherosclerosis |
| What layers does a true aortic aneurysm occur? | Intima, media, and adventitia |
| What layers does a pseudo-aortic aneurysm occur? | Intima and media |
| Which vessel layer is not involved in a pseudo-aneurysm? | Adventitia |
| What is pulse pressure? | Difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure |
| How is Pulse Pressure (PP) calculated? | Systolic - Diastolic pressure |
| What vessel has the thickest layer of smooth muscle? | Aorta |
| What vessels have the most smooth muscle? | Arterioles |
| What vessels have the largest cross-sectional area? | Capillaries |
| What vessel has the highest compliance? | Aorta |
| What vessels have the highest capacitance? | Veins and venules |
| What are 3 causes of HTN? | 1. Volume: ↑SV 2. Rate: ↑HR 3. Resistance: ↑ TPR |
| What is your max heart rate? | 220-age in years |
| What is Stable angina? | Pain with exertion |
| What is the MCC of Stable angina? | Atherosclerosis |
| What is Unstable angina? | Pain at rest |
| What is the MCC of Unstable angina? | Transient clots |
| What is Prinzmetal's angina? | Intermittent pain |
| What is the MCC of Prinzmetal's angina? | Coronary artery spasm |
| What is Amyloidosis? | Stains Congo red, Echo Apple-Green birefringent Deposition of proteins |
| What is Hemochromatosis? | Fe deposit in organs ==> hyperpigmentation, arthritis, DM |
| Too much iron absorbed by the GI leads to | Hemochromatosis |
| What are features of Cardiac Tamponade? | - Pressure equalizes in all 4 chambers - Quiet precordium - No pulse or BP -Kussmaul sign - Pulsus Paradoxicus (↓>10mm Hg w/ inspiration) |
| What is a Transudate? | An effusion with mostly water |
| What are the most common causes of a Transudate? | Too much water: 1. Heart failure 2. Renal failure Not enough protein: 1. Cirrhosis (can't make it) 2. Nephrotic syndrome (pee out protein) |
| What is an Exudate? | An effusion with mostly protein |
| What is the main concept of an Exudate? | Too much protein in the effusion |
| What are common causes/diseases which cause Exudate production? | 1. Purulent (bacteria) 2. Hemorrhagic (trauma, cancer, PE) 3. Fibrinous (collagen vascular disease, uremia, TB) 4. Granulomatous (non-bactereial) |
| What is Systole? | Squish heart, ↓blood flow to coronary artery, more extraction of O2 |
| Which phase of Korotkoff is systole? | Phase 1 |
| What is Diastole? | Fill heart, ↑blood flow to coronary artery, less extraction of O2 |
| Which phase of Korotkoff is diastole? | Phase 5 |
| During systole or diastole is there more extraction of oxygen from blood? | Systole |
| During systole or diastole there is increased blood flow to coronary artery? | Diastole |
| Fill heart | Diastole |
| Squish (contract) heart | Systole |
| What are the only arteries with deoxygenated blood? | Pulmonary arteries and umbilical arteries |
| What is distinctive of the Pulmonary arteries and the Umbilical arteries? | Only two set of arteries with deoxygenated blood |
| What is the difference between a murmur and a bruit? | A murmur occurs in the heart and, A bruit occurs in the blood vessels |
| Murmur occurs in the | Heart |
| Bruit occurs in the | Blood vessels |
| Which murmur has a Waterhammer pulse? | Aortic Regurgitation |
| Which murmur has Pulsus tardus? | Aortic Stenosis |
| What cardiomyopathy has Pulsus alternans? | Dilated cardiomyopathy |
| What disease has Reverse Pulsus Paradoxus? | Idiopathic Hypertrophic Subaortic Stenosis |
| What murmur has an irregularly irregular pulse? | AFIB |
| Which murmur has a regular irregular pulse? | PVC |
| What sound radiates to the neck? | Aortic Stenosis>AR |
| What sound radiates to the axilla? | Mitral Regurgitation> MS |
| What sound radiate to the back? | Pulmonary Stenosis |
| What disease has a boot-shaped x-ray? | Right ventricle hypertrophy |
| What disease has a banana-shaped x-ray? | IHSS |
| What disease has an egg-shaped x-ray? | Transposition of the Great Arteries |
| What disease has a snowman-shaped x-ray? | Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return |
| What disease has a "3" shaped x-ray? | Coartation of the Aorta |
| What is Osler-Weber-Rendu? | AVM in lung, gut, CNS => sequester platelets ==> telangiectasias |
| What is Von-Hippel Lindau? | AVM in head, retina ==> renal cell cancer risk |
| When do valves make noise? | When valves close |
| What valves make noise during systole? | Mitral and Tricuspid |
| What are the MCC of aortic stenosis? | 1. Aging 2. Dystrophic calcification |
| What are the MCC of aortic regurgitation? | 1. Aging 2. Calcifications causing valve to sag |
| What are the MCC of mitral stenosis? | Rheumatic fever |
| What are the MCC of mitral regurgitation? | 1. MVP 2. SBE 3. Collagen diseases |
| What are the MCC of tricuspid stenosis? | 1. Rheumatic fever 2. Carcinoid syndrome |
| What are the MCC of tricuspid regurgitation? | Acute endocarditis (staph aureus secondary to IV drug abuse) |
| What murmurs occur during systole? | Holosystolic, ejection murmur or click |
| What are the holosystolic murmurs? | TR, MR, or VSD |
| What are the systolic ejection murmurs? | AS, PS, or HCM |
| What valves make noise during diastole? | Aortic and Pulmonic |
| What are the diastolic murmurs? | Blowing and Rumbling |
| What are the diastolic blowing murmurs? | AR or PR |
| What are the diastolic rumbling tumors? | TS or MS |
| What are the continuous murmurs? | PDA or AVMs |
| What has a friction rub while breathing? | Pleuritis |
| What has a friction rub when holding breath? | Pericarditis |
| What does a mid-systolic click tell you? | Mitral valve prolapse |
| What does an ejection click tell you? | A/P stenosis |
| What does an opening snap tell you? | M/T stenosis |
| What does S2 splitting tell you? | Normal on inspiration (b/c pulmonic valve closes later) |
| What does a wide S2 splitting tell you? | ↑O2, ↑RV volume, or delayed pulmonic valve opening |
| What does paradoxical S2 splitting tell you? | AS (or left BBB) |
| What does fixed wide S2 splitting tell you? | ASD |
| What do you see in left sided heart failure? | Pulmonary edema Orthopnea Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea |
| What do you see in right sided heart failure? | Hepatomegaly Peripheral Edema Jugular venous distension |
| What is cor pulmonale? | Pulmonary HTN => RV failure |
| What is Eisenmenger's? | Pulmonary HTN => reverse L-R to R-L shunt |
| What is Transposition of the Great arteries? | Aorticopulmonary septum did not spiral |
| What is Tetralogy of Fallot? | 1. Overriding Aorta: aorta sits on IV septum over the VSD; pushes on PA 2. Pulmonary stenosis "Tet spells" 3. RV hypertrophy => boot-shaped heart 4. VSD (L to R shunt) |
| What is Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return? | All pulmonary veins to RA, snowman x-ray |
| What is Truncus Arteriosus? | Spiral membrane does not develop => one A/P trunk, mixed blood |
| What is Ebstein's Anomaly? | Tricuspid prolapse, Mom's Li+ use increases the risk |
| What can Lithium do to Mom? | Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus |
| What is Cinchonism? | Hearing loss, tinnitus, thrombocytopenia |
Created by:
rakomi
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