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ap bio unit 2
unit 2 - cells
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| prokaryotic | before nucleus; no membrane-bound organelles; ex bacteria, archaea; chloroplasts/mitochondria were prokaryotic cells |
| eukaryotic | after nucleus; much larger |
| endosymbiotic theory | mitochondria and chloroplasts were pre-existing prokaryotic cells |
| cell membrane | provides mechanical strength/shape, protects organic fluids/organelles, controls what passes through at what rate and in what direction, has a "favorable chemical atmosphere" |
| all living things are made of ____ | cells |
| why are cells small? | so it has lots of surface area relative to volume |
| all cells arise from _________ ____ | pre-existing cells |
| what organelles do all cells have? | chromosome(s), ribosomes, and cytoplasm |
| what is the composition of a cell membrane? | 2 layer of phospholipids (nonpolar-hydrophobic tails inward, polar-hydrophilic heads outward), proteins (permease) varies through/between phospholipids, cholesterol (lipid) sprinkled in, glycocalyx (glucose chains) on top (branches) |
| permease | proteins that help regulate the passage of certain molecules in and out that cannot fit through the membrane |
| fluid mosaic model | by Singer and Nicholson; cell membrane structure |
| what does cholesterol do for the membrane? | provide support/rigidity |
| what do the carbohydrate molecules on the outside of the membrane do? (glycocalyx) | serve as recognition sites |
| diffusion | NET movement of particles of a particular substance from regions of higher concentration to lower concentration |
| particles in gases and solutions are in a constant state of random motion as a result of ______ ______ | thermal energy |
| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics | systems move from states of order to states of disorder (high free energy to low free energy) |
| osmosis | NET movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane; specific type of diffusion that only involves water |
| cell membrane = | semi-permeable membrane; allows certain things to pass through it but not others |
| osmotic concentration | amount of other "stuff" in the water |
| as osmotic concentration goes up... | ...osmotic potential goes down |
| in osmosis, free energy focuses on_____ | H2O |
| water flows from _______ __ _______ | clean to dirty |
| osmotic potential | measure of the amount of free energy in water (greater free energy= greater osmotic potential) |
| hypertonic | dirty; LOTS of "stuff" |
| hypotonic | less "stuff" |
| isotonic | same amount of "stuff: |
| when a cell bursts | cytolysis |
| when a cell shrinks/shrivels | plasmolysis |
| passive diffusion | diffusion of small uncharged and lipid soluble molecules (NO ATP, NO permease, WITH conc gradient) |
| facilitated diffusion | diffusion of charged ions/larger molecules across the membrane using membrane proteins (NO ATP, YES permease [gated and channel proteins], WITH conc gradient) |
| active transport | movement of substances from low concentration to high concentration using membrane proteins and cellular energy (YES ATP, YES permease [pumps], AGAINST conc gradient) |
| membrane channels | proteins that form channels for specific substances (tube) |
| gated channels | opening and closing proteins (receptor finds particle-opens-lets particles in-closes) |
| cooperative/co-transport channels | proteins moving two different substances across membrane |
| symports | both things move in the same direction |
| antiports | two things moving in opposite direction |
| endocytosis | "eating" matter |
| phagocytosis | cell eating larger "chunks" of matter |
| pino cytosis | cell forms groove and "pinches" off tiny pieces of matter |
| exocytosis | a process which is the REVERSE of endocytosis (spiting stuff out) |
| cell walls | bacteria, fungi, and plant cells are encased on cell walls produced by cytoplasm; allow build of of TURGOR PRESSURE (pressure created in cell by osmosis) |
| primary wall | present in growing cells, newest layer facing membrane; contains cellulose |
| middle lamella | the "glue" which binds two cell walls together; contains pectin |
| secondary wall | inside primary wall; hard; produced once cell ceases growing; contains cellulose + lignin; once completed most cells die |
| the primary cell of a plant is... | thin and elastic and outside the secondary wall because it is formed first and permits growth of the cell |
| true statement of the plant cell wall? | water, air, and dissolved minerals can generally move freely through the cell wall |
| plasmodesmata | plant cell communication; tiny holes in cell walls which allow adjacent cells to interact |
| cellular adhesion | animal cell communication |
| fibroblasts | cells that secrete fibrous proteins (collagen, elastin); create matrix |
| spot desmosomes | filaments that extend out of cytoplasm and acts like rivets |
| tight junctions | proteins in cell membrane that bond to adjacent cell proteins and form tight seals; no leakage |
| gap junctions | two channel proteins on adjacent cells line up and bond forming a "tunnel" between two cells; fast transport of materials |
| what are double membraned? | nucleus, mitochondria, (chloroplasts have 3) |
| what is the squiggly stuff in mitochondria called? | cristae |
| nucleolus | site of ribosomal subunit synthesis |
| flagellum | cell movemet |
| nucleus | control of development |
| lysosome | storage of enzymes |
| lysosomes are... | produced by golgi, use HYDROLYSIS reactions |
| peroxisomes are... | formed by droplets of stuff, use CONDENSATION reactions |
| attached to the ER | ribosomes (make it rough) |
| site of enzyme/protein synthesis | ribosome |
| centriole | consists of mirotubular structure similar to a basal body |
| found on BOTH procaryotes and eucaryotes | ribosomes |
| associated with intracellular digestion | lysosomes |
| organelle with double membrane | mitochondria |
| organelle containing cristae | mitochondria (squiggly part) |
| which structure is not usually found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? | golgi apparatus |
| penicillin question: | cell bursting= cell in HYPOtonic environment |
| red blood cell placed in HYPERtocis solution= | net movement out |
| 5 evidences that support endosymbiotic theory | 1. size 2. DNA 3. replicated by themselves 4. ribosomes 5. membrane bound |
| centrioles, cilia, flagella all... | consist of microtubular structure similar to basal body |
| flagella in prokaryotic structures | do not have a 9+2 structure |
| membranes are NOT found in | ribosomes |
| the homogeneous, internal proteinaceous portion of the chloroplast is called the... | stroma |
| a structure found in both plant and animal cells but which has its greatest development in plant cells | vacuole |
| what are found in prokaryotic cells? | plasma membrane, DNA, single circular chromosome, ribosomes |
| organelles that have chromosomes (could be more) | nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, NOT ribosomes |
| formulated cell theory | Schleiden/ Schwann |
| advanced the theory of biogenesis | Virchow |
| disproved the theory of spontaneous generation | Pasteur |
| formulated the fluid-mosaic model | Singer/ Nicolson |
| formulated cell membrane model with two layer of lipid sandwiched between two layers of protein, and pores periodically penetrating the membrane | Danielli/ Davson |
| 1000 NaCl = | 2000 particles (Na+/Cl- ions) |
| what will happen if a dehydrated plant cell is placed in pure water? | water will enter the cell, but the cell will be prevented from bursting by the cell wall |
| the only way very large molecules can cross a cell membrane is by | endocytosis |
| this DOES NOT play a role in cell-to-cell adhesion | belt desmosome |
Created by:
tpolinsky24
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