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APES-Unit 2
Biochemical, Biomes,Nitrogen Cycle
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Define Nutrient (biogeochemical) cycles? | The movement of nutrients through ecosystems. |
| What is the function of a flux? | The rate at which materials move between pools (can be changed over time and influenced by humans). |
| What is the function of a reservoir? | Where nutrients reside for varying amount of times (the residence time). |
| Define source. | A pool that releases more nutrients than it accepts. |
| Define sink. | A pool that accepts more nutrients than it releases. |
| What does the Hydrologic cycle do? | Summarizes how liquid, gaseous, and solid water flows through the environment (ff: Oceans are the main reservoir) |
| Define Evaporation. | The process by which water moves from aquatic and land systems into the atmosphere. |
| Define Transpiration. | The process where plants absorb water through the roots and release it in the form a water vapor through the pores of their leaves. |
| Define Evapotranspiration. | total amount of water returned to atmosphere from evaporation and transpiration. |
| Define Groundwater. | Water found underground beneath layers of soil. |
| What are aquifers? | It is an underground body of rock and/or sediment that holds groundwater (acts like a reservoir) |
| Where can Carbon be found? | carbohydrates, fats, proteins, bones, cartilage, and shells |
| What does the Carbon cycle do? | It describes the route of carbon atoms through the environment |
| Name two of the largest reservoirs of carbon | Ocean and Sediment |
| How do Carbon compounds enter the oceans? | From runoff from land and detritus from marine organisms. |
| Define detritus. | Waste or debris of any kind |
| What happens to Carbon dioxide when it is in the water? | It is dissolved directly into the water from the atmosphere, making the water more acidic. |
| Define Anthropogenic. | Environmental pollution and pollutants originating in human activity |
| What % of Nitrogen does the atmosphere make up | 78% |
| What is the Nitrogen cycle? | It describes the routes that nitrogen atoms take through the environment |
| Define Nitrogen Fixation. | Lightning or nitrogen-fixing bacteria that combines (fixes) nitrogen with hydrogen to form ammonium, which plants use to absorb nitrogen |
| What is the process of Nitrification? | The process by which bacteria convert ammonium ions, first into nitrITE ions, then into nitrATE ions. *Allows plants to absorb nitrate more easily* |
| How do animals obtain nitrogen? | They obtain nitrogen by eating plants and other animals. |
| How do decomposers get nitrogen? | They obtain nitrogen from the dead and decaying plants or other animals. |
| What is denitrifying bacteria? | The bacteria that convert nitrates in soil or water to gaseous nitrogen, releasing it back into the atmosphere and completing the nitrogen cycle |
| Phosphorus is a key component of.... | Cell membranes, DNA , RNA, ATP, and ADP |
| How is Phosphorus released? | by weathering |
| What is a limiting factor for plant growth? | Phosphorus |
| Where can Sulfur be foound? | Seawater and sedimentary rocks |
| What anthropogenic impact (s) increases runoff and soil erosion? | The removing of forests and vegetation. |
| What is the Haber-Bosch process? | production of fertilizers by combining nitrogen and hydrogen to synthesize ammonia. |
| What does the burning of fossil fuels cause? | Adds nitrogen compounds to the atmosphere that contribute to acid precipitation. |
| Why do humans add Phosphorus to fertilizers? | To promote crop growth. |
| Name three ways to control nutrient pollution? | Restore wetlands and create artificial ones, Improve sewage treatment technologies, Reduce fossil fuel combustion |
| Define Bottleneck. | The limiting factor in crop production |
| What are Hadley Cells? | Low-latitude overturning circulations that have air rising at the equator and air sinking at roughly 30° latitude. They control low-latitude weather patterns. |
| What are Ferrel Cells? | Mid-latitude atmospheric circulation cell for weather. In this cell the air flows poleward and eastward near the surface and equatorward and westward at higher levels |
| What are Polar Cells? | Air rises, diverges, and travels toward the poles. Once over the poles, the air sinks, forming the polar highs. Surface winds in the polar cell are easterly (polar easterlies). |
| Define Upwelling. | As the surface currents separate from one another, deeper waters rise and replace the water that has moved away. |
| What is the Littoral zone? | the shallow area of soil and water near the shore where algae and emergent plants grow. |
| What is the Limnetic zone? | Open water, where rooted plants can no longer survive. Phytoplankton are the only photosynthetic organisms. This zone extends to as deep as sunlight can penetrate. |
| What is the Profundal zone? | the zone where sunlight cannot penetrate and therefore producers cannot survive. |
| What is the Benthic Zone? | The muddy bottom of a lake or bond beneath the limnetic and profundal zone. |
| List the different types of lakes in order. | Oligotrophic, Mesotrophic, and Eutrophic. |
| What are Estuaries? | Partially enclosed coastal areas where freshwater mixes with seawater. |
| What are some characteristics of a Oligotrophic lake ? | Clear water, Low productivity, Very desirable fishery of large game fish |
| What are some characteristics of a Mesotrophic lake ? | Increased production, Accumulated organic matter, Occasional algal bloom, Good Fishery |
| What are some characteristics of a Eutrophic lake? | Very productive, May experience oxygen depletion, Rough fish are common. |
| What are the characteristics of a Taiga? | Long winters Short sunlight hours Coniferous trees Low levels of diversity Slow decomposition due to low temps Thin, nutrient poor, acidic soil |
| What are the characteristics of a Tropical Rainforest? | Most productive biome Little vegetation on the floor Plants use animals for pollination High decomposition rates Rapid deforestation Very poor soil due to… Nutrients rapidly taken up by plants Most nutrients found in plants |
| What are the characteristics of a Tropical Desert? | Soil is mostly sand Varying temperatures Low precipitation – limiting factor Vegetation has long recovery time, slow plant growth |
| What are the characteristics of a Temperate Desert? | Fora adaptations: Expandable, fleshy tissue No leaves Open stomata only at night Deep roots |
| What are the characteristics of a Temperate Deciduous? | Four seasons Moderate temps High rain Broadleaf evergreens Deciduous plants drop leaves Rich soil, slow decomposition, easiest to restore |
| Define Intertidal zone? | Narrow band of coastline that exists between the levels of high tide and low tide |
Created by:
Hcps-Traoret
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