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Neurology
PASS program drill notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the central nervous system? | Brain and Spinal cord; oligodendrocytes |
| Which cells myelinate the CNS? | Oligodendrocytes |
| What is the Peripheral nervous system? | Nerves of the body except brain and spinal cord |
| Which cells myelinate the PNS? | Schwann cells |
| What is the Autonomic nervous system? | Automatic stuff |
| What is the Somatic nervous system? | Moving your muscles |
| What is the Parasympathetic system? | Rest-and-Digest ==> slows down stuff |
| How does Parasympathetic system behave? | "DUMBBELS" Diarrhea Urination Miosis "constrict" Bradycardia Bronchoconstriction Erection "point" Lacrimation Salivation |
| What is the Sympathetic system? | Fight-or-Flight ==> speeds stuff up |
| How does the sympathetic system behave? | Opposite of Parasympathetic Constipation and Urinary retention Mydriasis "eyes wide with fright" Tachycardia, bronchodilation Ejaculation "shoot" Xerophthalmia (dry eyes) Xerostomia (dry mouth) |
| Whate is NE synthesized? | Locus coeruleus of the PNS |
| What happens to NE in anxiety and depression? | Goes up in anxiety Goes down in depression |
| Does NE go UP or DOWN in anxiety? | UP |
| Does NE go UP or DOWN in depression? | DOWN |
| Where is Dopamine synthesized? | Ventral tegmentum and Substantia Nigra Compacta in the midbrain |
| What happens to dopamine in Huntington's, Parkinson's, and Depression? | Goes up in Huntington's Goes down in Parkison and Depression |
| Does Dopamine go UP or DOWN in Huntington's disease? | UP |
| Does Dopamine go UP or DOWN in Parkinson's disease? | DOWN |
| Does Dopamine go UP or DOWN in Depression? | DOWN |
| Where is Serotonin synthesized? | Raphe Nucleus |
| What happens to Serotonin in Parkinson's, anxiety and depression? | Goes up in Parkinson's Goes down in anxiety Goes down in depression |
| Does Serotonin go UP or DOWN in Parkison's disease? | UP |
| Does Serotonin go UP or DOWN in Anxiety? | DOWN |
| Does Serotonin go UP or DOWN in Depression? | DOWN |
| Where is ACh synthesized? | Basal nucleus of Meynert |
| What neurotransmitter is synthesized in the Basal nucleus of Meynert? | Acetylcholine |
| What happens to ACh in Parkison's, Alzheimer's, and Huntigton's? | Goes up in Parkinson's Goes down in Alzheimer's Goes down in Huntington's |
| Does ACh go UP or DOWN in Parkison's? | UP |
| Does ACh go UP or DOWN in Alzheimer's? | DOWN |
| Does ACh go UP or DOWN in Huntington's? | DOWN |
| What does the forebrain or prosencephalon give rise to? | 1. Telencephalon ----> Cerebral hemispheres 2. Diencephalon ----> Thalamus |
| What does the midbrain or mesencephalon give rise to? | Mesencephalon ---> Midbrain |
| What does the hindbrain or rhombencephalon give rise to? | 1. Metencephalon --> Pons and Cerebellum 2. Myelencephalon ----> Medulla |
| Which adult derivatives of the brain are derived from the forebrain? | Cerebral hemispheres and Thalamus |
| Which adult derivative of the brain is derived from the Mesencephalon? | Midbrain |
| Which adult brain derivates are from the hindbrain? | Pons, Cerebellum, and Medulla |
| Wha is Cushing's triad? | HTN, bradycardia, ↑ICP |
| What is Budd-Chiari? | Hepatic vein obstruction |
| Which vessel is occluded in Budd-Chiari syndrome? | Hepatic vein |
| What is Arnold-Chiari? | Foramen Magnum obstruction |
| What is Anencephaly? | Notochord did not make contact with brain ===> ony have medulla |
| What is an Encephalocele? | Brain tissue herniation |
| What is a Dandy Walker malformation? | No cerebellum, distended 4th/lateral ventricles |
| What is an Arnold-Chiari malformation? | Herniation of cerebellum through foramen magnum Type I: cerebellar tonsils (asymptomatic) Type II: Cerebellar vermis/ medulla ==> hydrocephalus, syringomyelia (loss of pain/temp) |
| Which are the associated symptoms of Type II Arnold Chiari malformation? | Hydrocephalus and Syringomyelia, leading to loss of temperature and pain sensations |
| Which parts of the brain are herniated in a Type II Arnold-Chiari malformation? | Cerebellar vermis and medulla |
| What is Spina bifida occulta? | Covered by skin with tuft of hair |
| What is Spina bifida aperta? | Has opening (high AFP) |
| Is Spina bifida aperta or occulta seen with high levels of AFP? | Spina bifida aperta |
| What is a Meningocele? | Sacral pocket with meninges in it |
| What is a Meningomyelocele? | Sacral pocket with meninges and nerves in it |
| What is Open-Angle glaucoma? | Overproduction of fluid => painless ipsilateral dilated pupil gradual tunnel vision, optic disc cupping |
| What is Closed-Angle glaucoma? | Obstruction of canal of Schlemm ==> sudden onset, pain, emergency |
| Which Open- or Closed-Angle glaucoma is associated with overproduction of fluid in the eye? | Open-Angle Glaucoma |
| Which Open- or Closed-Angle glaucoma is associated with obstruction of the canal of Schlemm? | Closed-Angle Glaucoma |
| What are the Watershed areas? | Hippocampus and Splenic flexure |
| What are the contents of the cavernous sinus? | CN II, CN IV, CN V (1), CN V (2), and CN VI, and postganglionic sympathetic fibers |
| What bug loves the frontal lobe? | Rubella |
| What bug loves the temporal lobe? | HSV-1 |
| What bug loves the Parietal lobe? | Toxoplasma |
| What bug loves the Hippocampus? | Rabies |
| What bug loves the Posterior fossa? | TB |
| What bug lows the DCML tract? | Treponema |
| How do migraines present? | Aura, photophobia, numbness and tingling, throbbing HA, nausea |
| How do tension headaches present? | "Band-like" pain start in posterior neck, worse as day progresses, sleep disturbance |
| How do cluster headaches present? | Rhinorrhea, unilateral orbital pain, suicidal, facial flushing, worsens with lying down |
| How doe temporal arteritis present? | Pain with chewing, blind in one eye |
| How does trigeminal neuralgia present? | Sharp, shooting face pain |
| What are the 2 kinds of partial seizures? | Simple (aware), Complex (not aware) |
| What are the 3 kinds of generalized seizures? | 1. Tonic-Clonic "Grand mal" 2. Absence "Petit mal" 3. Status Epilepticus |
| Hoe doe an Epidural hematoma present? | Intermiiten consciousness, "lucid interval" |
| Which intracranial hematoma is associated with a "lucid interval"? | Epidural hematoma |
| How does an Epidural hematoma look on CT? | Biconvex lens, not crossing suture lines |
| How does a Subdural hematoma present? | Headache 4wks after trauma, elderly (loose brain) |
| How does a Subdural hematoma look on CT? | Crescent shaped, crosses suture lines, midline shift |
| How does a Subarachnoid hemorrhage present? | "Worst headache of my life", h/o berry aneurysm |
| What is an Astrocytoma? | Rosenthal fibers, #1 in kids with occipital |
| What is an Ependymoma? | Rossettes, in 4th ventricle, hydrocephalus |
| What is a Craniopharyngioma? | Motor oil biopsy, tooth enamel, Rathke's pouch, ADH problem, bitemporal hemianopsia |
| What is Glioblastoma multiforme? | Pseudo-palisading, necrosis, worst prognosis, intralesional hemorrhage |
| What is a Hemangioblastoma? | Crebellulm, VHL, blood vessel tumor |
| What is a Medulloblastoma? | Pseudo-Rossettes, compresses brain, early morning vomiting |
| What is a Meningioma? | Parasagittal, psammoma bodies, whorling pattern, best prognosis |
| What are the most common places to metastasize to the brain? | From lung, breast, skin; see at white-grey matter junction |
| What is an Oligodendroglioma? | Fried-egg appearance, nodular calcification |
| What is a Pinealoma? | Loss of upward gaze, loss of circadian rhythms => precocious puberty |
| What is a Schwannoma? | CN 8 tumor, unilateral deafness; cerebellopontine angle |
| What is Neurofibromatosis? | Cafe au lait spots (hyperpigmentation) ==> peripheral nerve tumors, axillary freckle 1. Type 1: "Von Recklinghausen's" Peripheral (chromo 17), optic glioma, Lisch nodules, scoliosis 2. Type 2: "Acoustic Neuroma" Central (chromo 22), cataracts, bilateral deafness |
| Is NF seen with hyper- or hypopigmentation? | Hyperpigmentation |
| What are the associated tumors in NF-2? | Optic gliomas and Schwannomas (bilateral) |
| What is Sturge-Weber? | Port wine stain (big purple spot) on forehead, angioma of retina |
| What is Tuberous Sclerosis? | Ash leaf spots (hypopigmentation), 1 brain tumors, Heart rhabdomyomas, renal cell carcinoma, Shagreen spots (leathery) |
Created by:
rakomi
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