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ap bio unit 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| organic compound | a chemical compound containing carbon |
| macromolecules | a giant molecule formed by the joining usually by dehydration reaction; polysaccharides proteins and nucleic acids |
| hydrocarbons | an organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen |
| carbohydrates | a sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides) |
| saturated fatty acid | a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton |
| fat | a lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule |
| protein | a biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific 3D structure |
| enzymes | a macromolecule usually a protein that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction |
| denaturation | in proteins a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation thereby becoming biologically inactive; in DNA the separation of the two strands of the double helix |
| quaternary structure | the particular shape of a complex aggregate protein defined by the characteristic 3D arrangement of its constituent subunits each a polypeptide |
| polymer | a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds |
| Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) | a type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine cytosine guanine and uracil usually stranded |
| polysaccharides | a polymer of many monosaccharides formed by dehydration reaction |
| purines | one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring, adenine and guanine |
| lipids | any group of large biological molecules including fats phospholipids and steroids that mix poorly or at all with water |
| deoxyribose | the sugar component of DNA nucleotides having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides |
| pyrimidines | one of two families of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides; cytosine thymine and uracil |
| glycosidic linkage | a covalent bond former between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction |
| functional groups | a specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | ATP is an adenine containing nucleotide triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed |
| monomer | a molecule that can be bonded together to other identical molecules to form a polymer |
| dehydration reaction | a chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule |
| hydrolysis | a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in the disassembly of polymers to monomers |
| monosaccharides | the simplest carbohydrate acting along or serving as monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides |
| disaccharides | a double sugar consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by dehydration reactions |
| starch | a storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose; monomers joined by glucose glycosidic linkage |
| glycogen | an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch |
| cellulose | a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls consisting of glucose monomers joined by a beta glycosidic linkage |
| triacylglycerol | a lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called fat or triglyceride |
| unsaturated fatty acid | a fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail; such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton |
| phospholipids | a lipid made of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails while the rest of the molecule acts as the polar hydrophilic head, bilayers function as bio membranes |
| steroids | a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting or four fused rings with various chemical groups attached |
| cholesterol | a steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for synthesis of other biologically important steroids such as many hormones |
| catalyst | a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction |
| polypeptide | a polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds |
| protein | a biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific 3D structure |
| amino acids | an organic molecule containing a carboxyl group and amino group; serves as the monomer of proteins |
| peptide bond | the covalent bond between the carboxyl group and one amino acid and the amino group on another formed by a dehydration reaction |
| primary structure | the level of protein structure refers to the specific linear sequence of amino acids |
| secondary structure | regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone (not the side chains) |
| tertiary structure | the overall shape of a protein molecule due to the interaction of amino acid side chains including hydrophobic interactions ion and hydrogen bonds and disulfide bridges |
| disulfide bridges | a strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer |
| sickle cell disease | genetic disorder in which red blood cells have abnormal hemoglobin molecules and take on an abnormal shape |
| polynucleotide | a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain; nucleotides can be those of DNA or RNA |
| nucleotide | a building block of DNA consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group |
| ribose | the sugar component of RNA nucleotides that has one more hydroxyl group than deoxyribose |
| double helix | the form of native DNA referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound in spiral shape |
| antiparallel | referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix |
| alpha helix | a delicate coil held together by a hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid |
| beta pleated sheet | two or more strands of the polypeptide chain lying side by side are connected by hydrogen bonds between part of the two parallel polypeptide backbones |
| activation energy | the amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start |
| active site | the specific region of an enzyme that binds the substrate and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs |
| substrate | reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction |
| enzyme-substrate complex | a temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecules |
| induced fit | caused by entry of the substrate the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate |
| cofactors | any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme, can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis |
| coenzyme | an organic molecule serving as a cofactor, most vitamins function as coenzymes in important metabolic reactions |
| competitive inhibitor | a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics |
| noncompetitive inhibitor | a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds the substrate |
| allosteric regulation | the binding of regulatory molecule to a protein at one site hat affects the function of the protein at a different site |
| cooperativity | allosteric regulation whereby a shape change in one subunit of a protein caused by a substrate binding is transmitted to all the other subunits, facilitating the binding of additional substrate molecules to those subunits |
| feedback inhibition | a method of metabolic control in which the end product of metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor acts as an enzyme within that pathway |
Created by:
lauryn.whitfield
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