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Bio 115 Test 2
Hormones and Reproduction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sexual reproduction | A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the parents. |
| Follicles | A microscopic structure in the ovary that contains the developing oocyte and secretes estrogens. |
| Asexual reproduction | The generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs without the fusion of gametes (by budding, division of a single cell, or division of the entire organism into two or more parts). In most cases, the offspring are genetical |
| corpus luteum | A secreting tissue in the ovary that forms from the collapsed follicle after ovulation and produces progesterone. |
| Gametophyte | In organisms undergoing alternation of generations, the multicellular haploid form that mitotically produces haploid gametes that unite and grow into the sporophyte generation. |
| Parthenogenesis | Asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs. |
| Conception | The fertilization of an egg by a sperm in humans. |
| Sporophyte | diploid, or spore-producing, phase of an organism |
| Hermaphroditism | A condition in which an individual has both female and male gonads and functions as both a male and female in sexual reproduction by producing both sperm and eggs. |
| Gestation | Pregnancy; the state of carrying developing young within the female reproductive tract. |
| Gametes | egg the female gamete. Sperm the male gamete. a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes |
| Oogenesis | The process in the ovary that results in the production of female gametes. |
| Parturition | the process of giving birth. |
| Spores | a small usually single-celled reproductive body produced by many plants and some protozoans and that develops into a new individual.EX. "a sexual spore is formed after the fusion of gametes" |
| Spermatogenesis | The continuous and prolific production of mature sperm cells in the testis. |
| Fetus | an unborn or unhatched vertebrate in the later stages of development(9 weeks after conception) showing the main recognizable features of the mature animal. |
| Diploid | an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number |
| Ovulation | The release of an egg from an ovary. In humans, an ovarian follicle releases an egg during each uterine (menstrual) cycle. |
| Oxytocin | hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland (trade name Pitocin)EX. stimulates contractions of the uterus and ejection of milk |
| Haploid | an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes |
| life cycle | The course of developmental changes in an organism from fertilized zygote to maturity when another zygote can be produced |
| Hormones | In multicellular organisms, one of many types of secreted chemicals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells in other parts of the body to change their functioning. |
| posterior pituitary | Also called the neurohypophysis; an extension of the hypothalamus composed of nervous tissue that secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone made in the hypothalamus; a temporary storage site for these hormones. |
| peptide hormone | A hormone made of amino acids (in some cases just a single, modified amino acid). Peptide hormones are generally hydrophilic and cannot cross the plasma membranes of cells, thus receptor for peptide hormones must be found on the cell surface |
| endocrine gland | The ductless glands that secrete hormones, and the molecular receptors on or in target cells that respond to hormones(975). |
| anterior pituitary | Also called the adenohypophysis; portion of the pituitary that develops from nonneural tissue; consists of endocrine cells that synthesize and secrete several tropic and nontropic hormones.987 |
| steroid hormone | A hormone derived from cholesterol. Steroids are generally hydrophobic and can easily cross the plasma membrane of cells, thus receptors for steroids are found intracellularly. |
| steroid hormone Cont. | Once this steroid binds to its receptor, the receptor-steroid complex acts to regulate transcription in the nucleus. |
| local regulator | A secreted molecule that influences cells near where it is secreted and reach their target cells solely by diffusion. |
| neurosecretory cell | A nerve cell that synthesizes hormones and secretes them into the blood and well as conducts nerve signals |
| tropic hormones | hormones which affect other endocrine glands and direct them to produce their own hormones. |
| receptor | An organ having nerve endings (in the skin or viscera or eye or ear or nose or mouth) that respond to stimulation. |
| auxin | A term that primarily refers to indoleacetic acid (IAA), a natural plant hormone that has a variety of effects, including cell elongation, root formation, secondary growth, and fruit growth. |
| cytokinin | Any of a class of related plant hormones that retard aging and act in concert with auxin to stimulate cell division, influence the pathway of differentiation, and control apical dominance. |
| signal transduction | The linkage of a mechanical, chemical, or electromagnetic stimulus to a specific cellular response. in cell biology a series of molecular changes that converts a signal on a target cells surface to a specific response inside the cell. |
| Ethylene | The only gaseous plant hormone. Among its many effects are response to mechanical stress, programmed cell death, leaf abscission, and fruit ripening. |
| gibberellins | Any of a class of related plant hormones that stimulate growth in the stem and leaves, trigger the germination of seeds and breaking of bud dormancy, and (with auxin) stimulate fruit development. |
| Ethylene- Third Response | The hormone ethylene enables a plants horizontal growth, so that it can continue to grow around obstacles. If there is no obstacle, production of ethylene decreases, causing the plant to grow upward. |
| major function: auxin | Stimulates stem elongation; promotes the formation of lateral and adventitious roots; regulates development of fruit. Shoot apical meristems and young leaves |
| major function: cytokinin | Regulate cell division in shoots and roots; promote lateral bud growth; promote movement of nutrients into sink tissues; stimulate seed germination; delay leaf senescence. Primarily in roots |
| major function: gibberellin | Stimulate stem elongation, pollen development, pollen tube growth, fruit growth, and seed development and germination; regulate sex determination and the transition from juvenile to adult phase |
| major function: Brassinosteroid (present in all plants tissues) | Promotes cell expansion and cell division in shoots to promote root growth at low concentrations; inhibit root growth at high concentrations; promote xylem differentiation and inhibit phloem differentiation; promote seed germination and pollen tube elonga |
| major function: Abscisic acid (ABA) | - Inhibits growth; promotes stomatal closure during drought stress; promotes seed dormancy and inhibits early germination; promotes leaf senescence(aging); promotes dehydration tolerance. |
| major function: Ethylene | Promotes ripening of many fruits, leaf abscission, triple response in seedlings; enhances rate of senescence; promotes root and root hair formation; promotes flowering in the pineapple fam. Almost any part of the plant. |
| Explain the differences in the signal transduction mechanisms of steroid hormones and the functional consequences of their modes of action. | A water-soluble hormone (peptide hormone) binds to a signal receptor protein on the surface of a target cell. This interaction triggers events that lead to either a change in cytoplasmic function or a change in gene transcription in the nucleus. |
| Explain the differences in the signal transduction mechanisms of peptide hormones and the functional consequences of their modes of action. | A lipid-soluble hormone (steroid hormone) penetrates the target cell’s plasma membrane and binds to an intracellular signal receptor, either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. |
| steroid hormone function | The hormone receptor complex acts as a transcription factor, typically activating gene expression. |
| struct && function of anterior pit. | develops from a fold of tissue at the roof of the embryonic mouth; this tissue grows upward toward the brain and eventually loses its connection to the mouth. Hormones released by the hypothalamus regulate secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary. |
| struct && function of posterior pit. | An extension of the hypothalamus that grows downward toward the mouth during embryonic development. The post stores and secretes two hormones (oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone) made by the hypothalamus. Back. |
| Identify the main human endocrine glands. | hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal gland. |
| hypothalamus: hormone produced & funct. | neurohormones, regulates body temp, hunger, thirst, fatigue, and circadian cycles. |
| pituitary | growth hormone. |
| pineal gland | melotonin, is to block the secretion of GnRH by the hypothalamus and of gonadotropins by the pituitary..lightens or darkens skin. |
| What is the role of hCG? | Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin is a hormone secreted from the placenta into the maternal circulation with a role in the maintenance of a viable pregnancy.Can be found in urine and blood. |
| Explain by which generation, structure, and process spores are produced. | diploid sporophyte, stamen, meiosis pg.627 |
| Explain by which generation, structure, and process gametes are produced. | haploid gametophyte, ovary, mitosis pg.627 |
| List four floral parts in order from outside to inside a flower. | sepal, petals, stamen, carpels. |
| Complete and incomplete flowers | a flower is complete if it has all four structures if missing one of these structues it is incomplete. |
| bisexual and unisexual flowers | plant may be unisexual if lacking stamen or carpel. |
| Distinguish between pollination and fertilization. | Fertilization is the union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote,while pollination is the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules, a process required for fertilization. |
| Describe the male gametophyte of a flowering plant. | pollen grains develop within microsporangia(pollen sac) of anthers at the tip of stamen.generative cell will form to sperm. |
| Describe the female gametophyte of a flowering plant. | embryo sac develops within an ovule enclosed by an ovary at base of carpel. 3 anitpodal cells, 1 egg, 2synergids, and 2 polar nuclei. |
| Double fertilization(unique 2 angiosperms) | one fertilization event produces a zygote and the other produces a triploid. |
| ovule fate after double vertilization? | the ovule matures into a seed. ovary divides repeatedly and develops into endosperm- tissue w/ startch n food reserves to nourish developing embryo (fruit enclosing seed). |
| adaptive advantage of double fert. | prevents flowering plants from wasting nutrients on infertile ovules. |
| asexual | also vegetative; fragmentation: A means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals. && apomixis:asexual reproduction by forming seeds without fertilization by a male gamete. |
| advantages and disadvantages sexual and asexual. | advantage asex: no need for a pollinator n pass on exact genetic legacy. dis: fragile exposed seed. advantage sex:generates variation in offspring gud 4 unstable enviro. dis: |
| Describe mechanisms that prevent self-pollination. | stamenate: lackin carpels or capellate: lackin stamens, develop at different times, or self-incompatibility:reject own pollen by biochemical block prevent pollen development n fertilizing an egg. |
| List and describe four mechanisms of asexual reproduction(animals) | fission, budding,fragmentation, and parthenogenesis. |
| parthenogenesis | bees and species of hammerhead shark..Kamodo dragon...female present without a male. |
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kitkatbabe1213
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