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Bio exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| nucleus | contains the DNA (like a cookbook; the recipes are the genes) and RNA (the copied recipe) |
| DNA | like a cookbook, hold the genes (recipes), can be copied |
| Rough ER | contains ribosomes that helps fold and transport DNA |
| ribosomes | make proteins using DNA (chef) |
| transport vesicle | vesicle that transports from rough ER to the golgi |
| golgi apparatus | processes, packages, and sends out cell products |
| secretory vesicle | vesicle that transports things from the Golgi to the plasma membrane |
| plasma membrane | outer membrane of the cell, regulates entrance and exit |
| incoming vesicle | transports things outside of the cell into the cell |
| lysosome | vesicle that digests macromolecules and bacteria 'lyso(l) kills bacteria' |
| peroxisome | vesicle that breaks down alcohol and hydrogen peroxide |
| smooth ER | does not have ribosomes, makes lipids like cholesterol |
| mitochondria | creates ATP energy via cellular respiration |
| cytoskeleton | provides structure, movement, and strength; microtubules consist of the protein tubulin; microfilaments consist of the protein actin |
| selective permeability | only certain things can pass through the cell freely (ex. oxygen, carbon dioxide) |
| diffusion | molecules (carbon dioxide and O2) go from their area of high concentration to low concentration |
| facilitated diffusion | a molecule (glucose) goes from its area of high concentration to low concentration via a protein carrier/transporter |
| active transport | a protein and ATP energy is required for ions (e.g., sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+)) to go from their area of low to high concentration |
| endocytosis | this is used to engulf molecules, particles, and other cells (e.g., bacteria) and involves invagination of the plasma membrane to form a vesicle within the cytoplasm |
| exocytosis | a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane to release things out of the cell or integrate things into the plasma membrane |
| osmosis | the diffusion of water (H2O) molecules from an area of high to low water molecule concentration |
| hypotonic | the extracellular fluid is less than 0.9% salt, so water enters a cell, causing it to swell and burst (aka, lysis) |
| isotonic | the extracellular fluid is 0.9% salt, so water goes into and out of cells equally; no change in cell shape |
| hypertonic | the extracellular solution is greater than 0.9% salt, so water exits the cell, causing the cell to shrink (aka, crenation) |
| epithelium tissue | covers all external surfaces (skin), and internal cavities (cheeks) |
| muscle tissue | moves the body |
| nervous tissue | sends the body signals through electrochemical messages |
| connective tissue | have specialized functions, such as binding and supporting body parts, storing things, and transporting things |
| integumentary system | made of skin, associated glands, hair and nails |
| epidermis | top layer of skin |
| basal cells | the bottom layer of the epidermis |
| dermis | middle layer of skin, has blood vessels and the associated glands |
| hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) | has fat cells and the pressure sensing nerves |
| arrector pili muscle | smooth muscle that creates goose bumps |
| tactile corpuscle | 'touch sensor' |
| pacilian corpuscle | 'pressure sensor' |
| keratinized stratified squamous epithelium | It consists of many layers of flat-like cells. Keratinocytes produce keratin. produce melanin that is exocytosed to other cells. Basal cells in the bottom layer (stratum basale) make new skin cells. |
| dense irregular connective tissue | The collagen bundles provide strength in different directions. Fibroblasts produce the collagen. |
| loose (areolar) connective tissue | There is space between the collagen fibers (A). Fibroblasts (B) produce the collagen. Elastic fibers (C) allow skin to be stretched and return to its original position. |
| adipose tissue | The stored fat can be used as an energy source and for insulation. Fat (A) pushes the nucleus (B) to the periphery of the adipocyte. in hypodermis |
| smooth muscle | This involuntary muscle consists of spindle-shaped cells. Goosebumps are formed when the arrector pili muscle contracts. Blood vessels dilate to release heat and constrict to reduce heat loss. |
| nervous tissue | This tissue consists of neurons and support cells called neuroglia. Neurons receive and send electrochemical messages. |
Created by:
emilyclemens24
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