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micro
first test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anton Van Leeuwenhoek | Described live microorganisms- made detailed drawings |
| Louis Pasteur | Invented pasteurization Demonstrated it was done by microbes Developed vaccines- |
| Robert Koch | Identified the specific microbes that causes anthrax, cholera, tuberculosis. |
| Taxonomy | science of classifying organisms into taxa (categories) Provides universal names for organisms Provides a reference for identifying organisms |
| Carolua Linnaeus | Developed taxonomy |
| Taxonomic hierarchy | Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
| Phylogeny | Study of evolutionary history or organisms |
| Domains | Eukarya Bacteria Archea |
| Eukarya | animals plants fungi protist |
| Bacteria | pathogenic & nonpathogenic prokaryotes & photoautotrophic prokaryotes |
| Archea | methanogens extreme halophiles hyperthermophiles |
| How to name microbes | Each organism has 2 names: genus &species italicized or underlined Genus is capitalized and species name is lowercase Latinized |
| Prokaryotic species | population of prokaryotic cells with similar characteristics |
| Culture | Grown in laboratory media |
| Clone | population of cells derived form single cell |
| eukaryotic species | group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves |
| viral species | population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies particular ecological niche |
| Bacteria | Prokaryotes Single-celled Peptidoglycan cell walls Reproduce by binary fission For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis Many can “swim” using flagella |
| Archea | Prokaryotic No peptidoglycan Live in extreme environments do not cause diseases in humans Divided into: methanogens Extreme halophiles Extreme thermopiles |
| methanogenes | produces methane as waste products |
| halophyle | microbes living in salty environments |
| thermophyle | microbes living in hot sulfurous waters |
| Algae | Eukaryote Cellulose cells wall Abundant in fresh and salt water environment used photosynthesis Sexual or asexually reproduction |
| Protozoa | Unicellular eukaryotes Absorb or ingest organic chemicals May be motile via pseudopods (false feet), cilia or flagella Free-living or parasitic (derive nutrients from a living host) Some are photosynthetic Reproduce sexually or asexually |
| Fungi | Eukaryotes Cell walls are composed of chitin Use organic chemicals for energy Molds & mushrooms are multicellular, consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae Yeasts are unicellular Reproduce sexually or asexually |
| helminths | Eukaryotes Multicellular animals Not strictly microorganisms Two major groups of parasitic worms (helminths): flatworms & roundworms |
| Viruses | Very small, can only be seen with an electron microscope Acellular Consist of DNA or RNA core surrounded by protein coat that may be enclosed in lipid envelope Viruses are replicated only when they are in living host cell |
| Bacteriology | study of bacteria |
| mycology | study of fungi |
| virology | study of viruses |
| protozoology | study of protozoa |
| parasitology | study of helminths and parasitic worms |
| immuology | study of the immune system |
| Reflection | light wave bounces off material |
| Absorbance | light wave is captured by material |
| Transmittance | process of a wave traveling through material |
| Diffraction | bending or scattering of light |
| Refraction | changing the direction of the light rays when it passes from one medium to another |
| property of light rays passing through | refracted or reflected |
| Refractive index | measure of light-bending ability of medium |
| Convex lens | causes light to refract toward a focal point on the other side of the lens |
| Concave lens | causes light passing through to refract away from a focal point in front of the lens |
| Magnification microscope | ability of a lens to enlarge the image of an object when to the real object |
| Resolution | ability of lenses to distinguish 2 points |
| Contrast: | visible differences between parts of a microscopic specimen |
| Brightfield Microscope characteristics | 2 or more lenses- produce a dark image on bright background |
| X-Y mechanical stage knobs | move the slide across the surface of the stage |
| Coarse focus knob | used for large-scale focusing |
| Fine focusing knob | used for small-scale focusing |
| Illuminator | light source |
| Condenser lens | located below the stage & focuses all light rays on a specimen to maximize illumination |
| Diaphragm | adjusts the amount of light striking the specimen |
| Rheostat | dimer switch |
| Immersion oil | used to keep light from bending |
| Darkfield Microscopy | used to produce a darkfield image= dark background View living, unstained samples which appear bright against a dark background |
| Phase-Contrast Microscopes | Permits detailed examination of living specimens Get sharply defined internal structures |
| Fluorescence Microscopes | Uses fluorescent dyes which absorb energy from light sources & emitting energy as visible light Use UV or blue light Immunofluorescence: used to identify microbes by observing whether antibodies bind to them |
| Confocal Microscopes | Cells stained with fluorochrome dyes Light illuminates each plane in a specimen to produce 3-D image |
| Electron Microscopes | Uses electrons instead of light; used to view viruses greater resolution up to 2 million x |
| Transmission Electron Microscopes | Ultrathin sections of specimens Specimens may be stained with heavy metal salts |
| Scanning Electron Microscopes | produces beam of electrons that scans surface of whole specimen Secondary electrons emitted from specimen produce 3-D image |
| Staining | coloring microbe with dye that emphasizes certain structures |
| Smear | thin film of solution of microbes on slide |
| smear process | Smear is fixed (attached) to slide, usually through heat or methyl alcohol stain is applied rinsed with water blotted with absorbent paper |
| basic dye | chromophore is positively charged (ion) |
| acid dye | chromophore is negatively charged |
| Positive stain | staining the specimen |
| Negative stain | staining the background |
| Simple stain | use of single basic dye -Highlights the entire microorganism to visualize cell shapes and structures |
| Mordant (chemical that intensifies stain) | used to hold stain or coat specimen to enlarge it |
| Gram-positive bacteria | tend to be killed by penicillin & detergents |
| Gram-negative bacteria | more resistant to antibiotics |
| Gram- positive bacteria color | purple |
| gram-negative bacteria color | red/pink |
| What members does acid-fast stain identify? | Mycobacterium genus --M. tuberculosis & M. leprae---- Nocardia genus |
| Acid fast color | red |
| non-acid fast color | blue |
| Capsule Staining | Negatively stain the background & uses a simple stain stains the cells Capsules are not stained but appear as halos around cells |
| Capsules | gelatinous covering of microbe; can determine virulence |
| Endospore Staining | Endospores appear green in red or pink cell |
| Endospore | special resistant, dormant structure formed within cell to protect it from adverse environmental conditions |
| Flagella Staining | Flagella are used for locomotion & are too small to be seen with light microscope without stain Mordant & simple stain carbolfuchsin build up flagella until it is visible under light microscope |
| Prokaryote | One circular chromosome not in membrane No histones or membrane enclosed organelles Peptidoglycan cell walls if Bacteria & pseudomurein cell walls if Archaea Divide by binary fission |
| Eukaryote | Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane Have histones & membrane enclosed organelles Polysaccharide cell walls Cell division by mitosis |
| John Needham | spontaneous theory argued that microbes arose spontaneously |
| Louis Pasteur | demonstrated that microorganisms are present in air; definitively refuted the theory of spontaneous generation |
| Cell theory | All living things are composed of cells & come from preexisting cells |
| Endosymbiotic Theory | larger bacterial cells engulfed smaller bacterial cells, developing the first eukaryotes Ingested photosynthetic bacteria became chloroplasts Ingested aerobic bacteria became mitochondria Nucleus came from enfolding of plasma membrane |
| Germ theory of disease: | theory that microbes cases disease |
| Ignaz Semmelweis | advocated hand washing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another |
| Joseph Lister | used chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections Developed procedures for the proper care of surgical wounds & the sterilization of surgical equipment |
| Robert Koch | discovered that anthrax was caused by Bacillus anthracis |
| Arthrax is caused by.... | Bacillus anthracis |
| Unique Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells | contains a cell membrane, chromosomal DNA that is concentrated in a nucleoid, ribosomes, & a cell wall Some prokaryotic cells may also possess flagella, pili, fimbriae, & capsules |
| monomorphic | one shape |
| pleomorphic | many shapes |
| Coccus | Can be round, oval, elongated or flattened on one side |
| Bacillus | rod shaped Spiral |
| Vibrio | curved rod |
| Spirillum | helical shape like corkscrew; have rigid bodies |
| Spirochete | helical shape & flexible bodies |
| Streptococcus | chain of cocci |
| Staphylococcus | graplelike cluster of cocci |
| Osmotic pressure | pressure needed to stop movement of water across membrane |
| Osmosisp | the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water to an area of lower water concentration; uses aquaporins |
| Isotonic solution | solute concentration inside cell = outside cell; no net movement of water |
| Hypotonic solution | solute concentration ↓ outside cell then inside; water move in; cell lysis |
| Hypertonic solution | solution concentration ↑ outside of cell then inside; water moves out & cell shrinks |
| Cytoplasm | substance inside plasma membrane Eighty percent water plus proteins, carbohydrates, lipids & ions |
| Nucleoid | Bacterial chromosome: circular thread of DNA that contains the cell's genetic information |
| Plasmids | extrachromosomal genetic elements; carry non-crucial genes (e.g., antibiotic resistance, production of toxins) |
| Ribosome | site of protein synthesis |
Created by:
nathalyg
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