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Earth Science Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Metamorphic rock | A type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions. |
| Foliation | An arrangement of minerals in flat or wavy parallel bands. |
| regional metamorphism | metamorphism caused by high pressures and varying temperatures that extend over large regions; typical of convergent boundaries where two continents collide |
| contact metamorphism | formation of a metamorphic rock caused by magma or hot water coming into contact with existing rock |
| high grade metamorphism | occurs under conditions of high temperature and high pressure |
| low grade metamorphism | Occurs under conditions of low temperature and pressure |
| Gneiss | high-grade metamorphic rock formed from mudrock, sandstone, conglomerate, and a range of intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks; foliated |
| Hornfels | metamorphic rock formed from shale or basalt; non-foliated |
| Schist | medium-grade metamorphic rock in which mica has formed large crystals; foliated |
| index minerals | minerals used to estimate the temperature, depth, and pressure at which a rock undergoes metamorphism |
| Phyllite | low-grade metamorphic rock with fine-grained mica crystals that can form wavy layers; foliated |
| Quartzite | metamorphic rock formed from sandstone with large, interlocking quartz crystals; non-foliated |
| Slate | very low-grade metamorphic rock; tends to break into flat sheets; foliated |
| Marble | metamorphic rock formed from limestone with large, interlocking calcite crystals; non-foliated |
| Biochemical sedimentary rocks | Form when broken pieces of shell or other skeletal remains are cemented together |
| chemical sedimentary rock | Sedimentary rock that forms when minerals precipitate from a solution or settle from a suspension. |
| clastic sedimentary rock | Sedimentary rock that forms when fragments of preexisting rocks are compacted and cemented together. |
| depositional environment | the conditions in which sediment was deposited |
| Breccia | clastic sedimentary rock with large, poorly sorted, angular clasts |
| Conglomerate | clastic sedimentary rock with large, poorly sorted, rounded clasts |
| Sandstone | clastic, sedimentary rock with medium, well sorted, angular clasts |
| Shale/Mudstone | clastic sedimentary rock with fine, well sorted, rounded clasts |
| limestone | chemical or biochemical sedimentary rock made of calcite crystals that may include fossils |
| evaporite | a sedimentary rock formed of material deposited from solution by evaporation of water |
| Fossils | the remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock. |
| mature | sediment that is well rounded and sorted, and composed of erosionally resistant material |
| Rounding | degree to which clasts have their sharp corners and edges worn away by abrasion |
| Lithification | The process that converts sediments into solid rock by compaction and cementation. |
| sorting | how consistent in size the clasts in a sedimentary rock are |
| igneous rock | a type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface |
| Extrusive | fine-grained igneous rock that forms when magma cools quickly at or near Earth's surface |
| intrusive | a type of ingneous rock that generally contains large crystals and forms when magma cools slowly beneath Earth's surface. |
| Lava | Magma that reaches Earth's surface |
| Magma | Molten rock beneath the earth's surface |
| magma chamber | a space below ground filled with magma |
| Viscosity | A liquid's resistance to flowing |
| aphanetic | containing no visible crystals |
| phaneritic | containing visible crystals |
| porphyritic | describing an igneous rock composed of both large and small crystals |
| Basalt | an aphanitic or porphyritic extrusive mafic igneous rock |
| Andesite | an aphanitic or porphyritic extrusive intermediate igneous rock |
| rhyolite | an aphanitic or porphyritic extrusive felsic igneous rock |
| gabbro | a phaneritic intrusive mafic igneous rock |
| diorite | a phaneritic intrusive intermediate igneous rock |
| granite | a phaneritic intrusive felsic igneous rock |
| mineral | a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition |
| Atom | smallest unit of matter |
| Element | A pure substance made of only one kind of atom |
| Compound | A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds |
| bond | force that holds atoms together in a compound |
| Silicate | a member of the mineral group that has silicon and oxygen in its crystal structure |
| rock | an aggregate of one or more minerals |
| igneous rock | a type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface |
| sedimentary rock | A type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together |
| metamorphic rock | A type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions. |
| Weathering | the process that takes place when a body f rock is exposed to the conditions and forces on Earth's surface, including physical, chemical, and biological processes |
| Lithification | The process that converts sediments into solid rock by compaction and cementation. |
| Differentiation | process in which dense material sinks to the core of a planet to form the core and lighter material rises to the surface to form the crust |
| divergent boundary | A plate boundary where two plates move away from each other. |
| convergent boundary | A plate boundary where two plates move toward each other. |
| transform boundary | A plate boundary where two plates move past each other in opposite directions |
| Hotspot | An area where magma from deep within the mantle melts through the crust above it |
| mantle plume | heated lower mantle rock that rises toward the lithosphere because it is less dense than surrounding mantle rock |
| oceanic crust | thinner, more dense, younger crust making ocean floor |
| contintental crust | thicker, lighter, older crust making up continents |
| plate boundaries | areas between two tectonic plates; places of significant geological change |
| Ring of Fire | A major belt of volcanoes that rims the Pacific Ocean |
| subduction zone | the region where an oceanic plate sinks down into the asthenosphere at a convergent boundary, usually between continental and oceanic plates |
| trench | extremely deep areas in the ocean that are created by a subducting plate |
| rift valley | a valley formed by the separation of tectonic plates |
| Crust | The thin and solid outermost layer of the Earth above the mantle |
| Manlte | the layer of rock between the Earth's crust and core |
| outer core | A layer of molten iron and nickel that surrounds the inner core of Earth |
| inner core | A dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of Earth |
| Lithosphere | A rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust. |
| Asthenosphere | The soft layer of the mantle on which the tectonic plates move |
| Scientific Method | A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions. |
| Hypothesis | A testable prediction, often implied by a theory |
| Theory | well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations |
| law | statement about how things work in nature that seems to be true consistently |
| geology | Study of the earth |
| Oceanography | Study of Earth's oceans |
| Meteorology | the study of weather, atmosphere, & climate |
| astronomy | The study of the moon, stars, and other objects in space |
Created by:
izhaanansari
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