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earth science unit 1

rocks and other stuff

TermDefinition
earth 4.6 billion years old
hydrosphere ocean sphere. most prominent feature on earth. nearly 71% of earth's surface
atmosphere thin, tenuous blanket of air
biosphere includes all life
geosphere made of crust, mantle, and core.
crust thin, rocky outer layer
mantle the 2980 km thick layer of earth below crust
core innermost layer, beneath mantle (outer and inner)
plate tectonics theory that proposes that earth's outer shell consists of individual plates
latitude north or south of equator.
longitude east or west of prime meridian. each line is 15 degrees which equals one hour.
zenith point directly overhead
polaris north star, can only be seen in northern hemisphere. use latitude to determine altitude
system any size group of interacting parts that form a complex whole.
sun drives external processes like weather, ocean circulation, erosional processes
earth's interior drives internal processes like volcanoes, earthquakes, mountain building.
environment surrounds and influences organisms
renewable resource can be replenished (ex: plants, energy from water and wind)
nonrenewable resource cannot be replenished in near future. (ex. fossil fuels: metals, fuels)
elements basic building blocks of minerals
atoms smallest particles of matter
protons positive electrical charges
neutrons neutral electrical charges
electrons negative electrical charges
energy levels/shells surround the nucleus, contains electrons
isotopes have the same number of protons but varying numbers of neutrons
compound consists of two or more elements that are chemically combined in specific proportions
ion an atom that gains or loses electrons
ionic bonds form between positive and negative ions
covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons
metallic bonds form when metal ions share electrons
mineral naturally occurring, solid substance that has an orderly crystalline structure. definite chemical composition and generally considered inorganic
mineral formation crystallization from magma, precipitation, pressure + temperature, hydrothermal solutions
silicates silicon and oxygen combine to form a structure called the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
carbonates minerals that contain the elements carbon and one or more other metallic elements
oxides minerals that contain oxygen and one or more other elements, which are usually metals
sulfates and sulfides minerals that contain the element sulfur
halides minerals that contain a halogen ion plus one or more other elements
native elements minerals that exist in relatively pure form
streak color of a mineral in its powdered form
luster used to describe how light is reflected from the surface of a mineral
hardness measure of the resistance of a mineral to being scratched
mohs scale consists of 10 minerals arranged from 10 (hardest) to 1( softest)
cleavage tendency of a mineral to cleave, or break, along flat, even surfaces
fracture uneven breakage of a mineral
porphyritic texture occurs in rocks with different-size minerals that cool at different rates
granitic composition occurs when igneous rocks contain mostly quartz and feldspar
basaltic composition occurs when rocks contain many dark silicate MATERIALS
andesitic composition occurs in rocks with a combination of granitic and basaltic rocks
ultramafic rocks are composed almost entirely of dark silicate minerals
contact metamorphism magma moves into rock, minor changes
regional metamorphism large scale deformation and high grade metamorphism, intense changes like mountain building
agents of metamorphism heat, pressure, hydrothermal solutions
Created by: jaidynsimon
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