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Bio Chapter 6
bio
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| nuclear envelope | surrounds the nucleus |
| nuclear pores | located on nuclear envelope; allow mRNA and ribosomal subunits to exit |
| nucleolus | site of ribosomal rna synthesizing; proteins from cytoplasm used to assemble ribosomes |
| nuclear lamina | intermediate filaments (animalsonly) that maintain shape of nucleus by supporting envelope |
| chromosomes | DNA with many proteins (allow for coiling to fit in nucleus) |
| chromatin | seen during all stages of cell division; discrete units seen during cell dividing |
| traits shared by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells | cell membrane, ribosomes, DNA, cytosol |
| defining differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells | prokaryotic - smaller, no membrane bound organelles, dna stored in nucleoid |
| surface area and volume of a cell grow disproportinately meaning that | a smaller cell has a greater surface area to volume ratio |
| narrow elongated shape of most cells is due to a desire for | greatest surface area with smallest volume |
| microvilli | increase surface area without increasing volume |
| nucleoid | stores DNA of prokaryotic cells |
| ribosomes composition | ribosomal RNAs + proteins |
| ribosomes are not considered organelles because | they are not membrane bound (float in cytosol) |
| ribosomes can be either ______ or ______ at any time | free, bound |
| bound ribosomes typically make proteins designed for | insertion into membranes, packaging within certain organelles, secretion |
| free ribosomes make proteins designed for | functioning in the cytosol |
| parts of the endomembrane system | nuclear envelope, rough and smooth er, golgi, vesicles, lysosomes, cell membrane |
| cisternae are part of (not the same cisternae for these organelles) | ER AND golgi |
| smooth ER functions | lipid synthesis, carb metabolism, detoxification, calcium ion storage |
| cells that produced sex hormones and other steroids would be rich in | smooth ER |
| cells in the liver would be rich in | smooth ER |
| most secretory proteins are | glycoproteins |
| carbohydrates attached to proteins in glycoproteins via | enzyme |
| secretory proteins in vesicles bud off which region of the rough ER | transitional |
| rough er functions | protein synthesis, membrane factory |
| golgi apparatus | receives proteins from rough er and sorts/packages them |
| path of proteins through golgi | cis side - medial side - trans side |
| molecular id tag | zip codes of the golgi (determine where proteins go) |
| transport vesicles from the golgi are able to target the correct organelles by | recognizing docking sites (glycoproteins) on organelles |
| lysosome | digest macromolecules and organelles; made in rough er |
| phagocytosis | engulfing |
| as a result of phagocytosis, a | food vacuole is formed, which merges with lysosome |
| autophagy | vesicles containing damaged organelles fuse with lysosome |
| vacuoles are derived from which two organelles | ER and golgi |
| contractile vacuoles | pump excess water out cell |
| the color in flower petals is a result of | vacuoles |
| central vacuole are in ______ cells only | plant |
| endosymbiant theory describes how which organelles arose from prokaryotic | mitochondria and chloroplast |
| proof of endosymbiant theory | double membranes; contain ribosomes and circular dna; autonomous (fxn independently) |
| cristae are in | mitochondria |
| mitochondria is responsible for | cellular respiration |
| chloroplasts are responsible for | photosynthesis |
| inside the chloroplast, there are ______ that are surround by a fluid called ______ | thylakoids, stroma |
| both mitochondria and chloropasts have a changeable.... | shape |
| peroxisome are responsible for | taking hydrogen atoms and transferring them to oxygen (forming hydrogen peroxide) |
| why are peroxisomes themselves not toxic to the cell | they have enzymes that convert hydrogen peroxide to water |
| cytoskeleton functions | structure for cell, organelle anchorage, cell motility |
| cell motility requires the use of which proteins | motor proteins |
| components of cytoskeleton from thinnest to thickest | microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments |
| microtubules functions | motility, guiding vesicles from Er to golgi, separation of chromosomes during cell division |
| microtubules grow from | centrosome |
| within the centrosome are a pair of | centrioles (9 + 3 - sets of 9) |
| flagella and cilia both contain | microtubules |
| cilia and flagella are responsible for | propelling cells through water |
| flagella and cilia can move due to | dyneins |
| microfilaments (actin filaments) are built from what | twisted double chain of actin |
| microfilament functions | cell motility, muscle contraction, |
| pseudopia | feet on cells |
| intermediate filaments fxns | reinforce shape, fix position of organelles (permanent framework) |
| cell wall fxns | maintains shape and water content of plant cell |
| extracellular matrix | surrounds animal cell |
| integrins | cell surface receptor proteins |
| fibronectin connects what to what | ecm to integrins |
| plasmodesmata | connects plant cells |
| tight junctions | prevents fluid leakage |
| desmosomes | connect muscle cells |
| gap junctions | communication between cells and material exchange |
| light microscope | allows viewing of living cells |
| electron microscope | higher resolution than light microscope |
| scanning electron microscope (sem) | topography (gold) |
| transmission electron microscope (tem) | internal structure of cells (staining) |
| cell fractionation | separates major organelles from other structure through fast spinning |
| benefit of cell fractionation for scientists | prepare cell components in bulk |
Created by:
taylerw613
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