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BIO 1 Ch 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Condensation/Dehydration Synthesis | Joins macromolecules together & water is always a by-product of joining 2 subunits together |
| Hydrolysis | Breaks down macromolecules & always consumes 1 molecule of water for every dimer |
| Monomer | 1 molecule |
| Dimer | 2 subunits together |
| Glucose is either 1 of these 2? | A simple sugar or a monosaccharide |
| What is the structure of a protein? | Long "fat" strings of amino acids. They fold back of themselves, twist, to make more of a blob. |
| Describe protein spirals. | They are called alpha-helices, held by hydrogen bonds. |
| Describe a protein's sensitivity. | Sensitive to its chemical environment. The protein will change shape: ○ If the pH around them is changed ○ If the ion concentration is changed ○ Whether or not oxygen is bound to them |
| What makes an Amino acid (attachments)? | 1 central Carbon with 4 total attachments 3 will always be: ○ Amino group (left) ○ Hydrogen (top) ○ Carboxyl group (right) And the last is the R group, which has 20 groups (bottom) |
| How do you join amino acids together? | Right + left end = water (R) = Carboxyl group - OH (L) = Amino group - H OH + H = H₂O And, O=C-N-H |
| What is a peptide bond? | A covalent bond between 2 amino acids. And a water molecule is produced. |
| How do you know when it is an amino acid? | NCCNCC (backbone) |
| Aliphatic | (alkanes) compound where carbon atoms form open chains (not aromatic rings) |
| What are the 4 levels of proteins structure? | ○ Primary ○ Secondary ○ Tertiary ○ Quaternary |
| Primary level of protein structure | The ORDER of the AMINO ACIDS in the chain ○ Peptide bonds - covalent bonds |
| Secondary level of protein structure | Alpha-helices or beta-pleated sheets ○ Hydrogen bonds |
| Tertiary level of protein structure | ○ Covalent bonds (esp disulphide bridges) ○ Ionic bonds ○ Hydrogen bonds ○ Van der Walls forces ○ Hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions |
| Disulphide bridges (bonds) | Sulfhydryl groups on cysteine looping/linking chains |
| Hydrophobic interactions in proteins | R groups on inside part of protein |
| Hydrophilic interaction in proteins | R groups on outside part of protein (where the watery solution is) |
| Quaternary level of protein structure | Protein consists of more than 1 polypeptide chain (same bonds as 3rd) ○ Covalent bonds (esp disulphide bridges) ○ Ionic bonds ○ Hydrogen bonds ○ Van der Walls forces ○ Hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions |
| Denaturation | Destroys big protein structures, using heat, by breaking apart weak bonds (hydrogen bonds) |
| What are the two ways to break down proteins structures? | Denaturing and putting proteins into acidic solutions. |
| Renature | Proteins returns to original form, once it gets away from the environment that denatured it. Not all proteins renature. |
| What macromolecules do Nucleic acids include? | DNA & RNA |
| What are the parts of a nucleotide? | ○ Ribose sugar ○ Phosphate group ○ Nitrogenous base |
| What is the 5 carbon ring in a nucleotide called? | Ribose sugar |
| How many kinds of nitrogenous bases are there? | 5 |
| What determines the difference between DNA or RNA? | The presence of a hydroxyl group in the ribose sugar (RNA) |
| What are the two categories of nucleotides? | Purines and pyrimidines |
| How many rings for purines? | 2 rings (remember: 2 syllables) |
| How many rings for pyrimidines? | 1 ring |
| How many purines are there? | 2 (remember: 2 syllables) |
| How many pyrimidines are there? | 3 (remember: 3 I's in pyrimidine) |
| What are the purine nitrogenous bases? | Adenine & Guanine (AG) |
| What are the pyrimidine nitrogenous bases? | Cytosine, Uracil, & Thymine (CUT) |
| What nitrogenous base is only found in DNA | Thymine (T comes before U in ABC's) |
| What nitrogenous base is only found in RNA | Uracil (T comes 1st, U comes 2nd in ABC's) |
| How do you join nucleotides? | The phosphate group on the left connects to Carbon #2 of the ribose sugar |
| What is the backbone of a nucleic acid? | The chain of the phosphate groups and sugar molecules (sugar phosphate) |
| What bond holds nucleotides together? | Hydrogen bond (----) |
| What happens when you join 2 nucleotides? | A water molecule is a by-product |
| How do you connect 2 strands of DNA? | The Left-strand is pointed up and Right-strand is pointed down, running the opposite way |
| How do you break hydrogen bonds? | With heat |
| Fat (molecule) | 3 carbon glycerol molecule attached to 3 long fatty acids - fatty acids can de different than each other |
| Lipid | A molecule that do not dissolve in water |
| What are the 3 types of fatty acids? | ○ Saturated fatty acids (----) ○ (cis) Unsaturated fatty acids (/-\) ○ Trans (unsaturated) -fatty acids (trans fat- manmade) |
| What state are saturated fats at room temperature? Why? | Solid because the straight chain allows for them to stack tightly forming a solid |
| What state are unsaturated fats at room temperature? Why? | Liquid (exception coconut being slightly saturated) because the kink does not allow them to be packed together as tightly |
| What is difference between saturated and unsaturated in their structure? | Unsaturated has a double bond between 2 carbons, making a "kink" (/-\) in the structure |
| Why are they called saturated/unsaturated fatty acids | Describes whether or not their carbon atoms are saturated with hydrogen atoms (no covalent bond vs covalent bond) |
| Where do saturated fats usually come from? | Animal fat (meat, cream, butter, cheese, etc.) |
| Where do unsaturated fats usually come from? | Plants (olive oils, avocado, almonds, etc.) |
| What are unsaturated fats relation with health? | Reducing risk of cardiovascular disease |
| Hydrogenation | Treating unsaturated fats with pressure to break up the covalent bonds allowing the addition of hydrogen bonds |
| What state are trans-fats at room temperature? Why? | Solid because hydrogenation makes the unsaturated fat a flat chain |
| What is the problem with making trans-fats? | After the double bond is broken, it reforms & sometimes causing the kink to go in the wrong direction, before the hydrogen atoms get added |
| What are trans-fats relation with health? | VERY bad for cardiovascular health |
| Phospholipid | A variation to a fat molecule. One of the 3 fatty acid tails are missing, replaced with a complicated HYDROPHILLIC charged attachment => AMPHIPATHIC |
| Parts of a phospholipid and their relationship to water | ○ Hydrophilic head - attracts to water ○ Hydrophobic tails (oil doesn't dissolve in water) - repels water |
| Key example of a phospholipid | Makes up the cell membrane |
| What do all steroids start with? | Cholesterol |
| What are steroids made of? | Saturated fats (folded back on themselves) |
| What do all steroids contain? | ○ 3 6-sided rings (in "U" shape) ○ 1. 5-sided ring (at a end) |
Created by:
maiirr
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