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Bio Exam #1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Systemic anatomy | study of body by organ systems |
| regional anatomy | study of body based off area/region |
| surface | study of body based on external features |
| structural organization of human body | chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system |
| functional organization of human body | organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movements, and reproduction |
| PH scale | Neutral Solution= >7.0, Acid Solution=<7.0 |
| homeostasis | maintenance of a relatively constant environment |
| What is a negative | any diversion from the set point that is resisted and made smaller |
| positive-feedback mechanism | increased diversion from the normal value |
| anatomical position | thumbs outward, face forward |
| structure of an atom | positively charge nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons |
| proton | positive |
| electron | negitive |
| Neutron | neutral |
| relationship of energy and chemical reaction | When a chemical reaction takes place, energy is required to break a bond. Therefore, the atom in the reactants rearrange their chemical bonds to make products |
| affects of the chemical reaction rate | Reaction concentration, surface areas, temperature, and catalysts |
| Catalysts-enzymes- | speed up reactions by lowering activation energy |
| Synthesis Reaction | the combination of reactants to produce a larger product |
| Decomposition Reaction | larger reactions that breaks down into smaller products |
| chemical bonding | When the outermost electron are shared/transferred between atoms |
| covalent bond electrons | electrons are shared |
| non-polar covalent bond | electrons equally shared |
| polar covalent bond | electrons not equally shared |
| ionic bond | electrons lost/gained |
| hydrogen bond | occur between two different water molecules (two different water molecules) |
| Acids | dissociate (separate) into charged particles called ions |
| Bases | dissociate into hydroxyl ions |
| properties of water | stabilizes body temp., protection (ex. tears), solvent, chemical reactions (severely important to life requiring water), transport (dissolve in water) |
| four major classes of organic compounds | carbohydrates (sugars/starches), lipids (fats), proteins (amino acids), Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA) |
| Carbohydrates | sugar molecules that are broken into glucose (main source of energy for the body’s cells, tissues, and organs |
| Monosaccharides | contains 6 carbon atoms |
| Polysaccharides | sugars bound in long chains |
| Condensation | units can condense, with the elimination of water, to give disaccharides |
| Hydrolysis | water reacting with disaccharide to break an O2-Hydrogen bond forming two monosaccharides |
| Phospholipids | important cell membrane component, polar(charges) end/non-polar end, form micelles in water |
| Lipids | oily/greasy nonpolar molecules stored in the adipose tissue of the body |
| Triglycerides | non-polar, hydrophobic, insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents |
| proteins constructed | from combinations of amino acids |
| how many different amino acids | 20 different amino acids |
| enzymes function | human synthesize 12, remaining 8 essential amino acids→ from diet |
| Nucleic Acids: ATP: “energy currency” of the cell used to provide energy for many different tasks in a cell | nucleotides: monosaccharides w/ attached phosphate/ organic base |
| DNA: | forms genetic code inside cells, reg, most activities in cells through time, has double stranded structure. |
| DNA organic bases | Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), or Cytosine (C) |
| RNA | relays instructions from the genes inside cells nucleus → Us instead of Ts, guides each cell’s assembly of amino acids into proteins, has single strand not double. |
| RNA organic bases | Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Guanine (G0, or Cytosine(C) |
| ATP: | “energy currency” of the cell used to provide energy for many different tasks in a cell |
| functions of the cell | movement through the plasma membrane, selective permeability: does not allow everything to pass through, transport by carrier molecules (glucose), transported within vesicles. Direct through phospholipid layers= lipid soluble molecules |
| cell structure | cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm (between the two) |
| movement through plasma membrane | passive movement, dissolves in phospholipid bilayer, diffuses across it, then dissolves in the aqueous solution |
| Diffusion | concentration gradient: measurement of the solutes in concentrations, membrane channels: allows small substances to pass through |
| Osmosis | diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane (H20 diffuses from less concentrated solution to the more concentrated solution) |
| Hypertonic | higher concentration surrounding cell, causes cells to crenate(shrink) |
| Isotonic Solutions | same concentration inside/out (no shrinking/swelling) |
| Hypotonic | lower concentration surrounding cell, causes cell to go through hemolysis (swelling) |
| Mediated Transport mechanism | combines chemical reaction with diffusion process (doesn't require ATP) |
| Facilitated Diffusion | diffusion of solutes through transport proteins into plasma membrane |
| active transport | carrier-mediated transport that requires energy (ATP) |
| secondary transport | Active transport of one substance allows another to cross the cell membrane |
| endocytosis? | Active transport of one substance allows another to cross the cell membrane |
| Exocytosis | cell expels wastes/ hormones (secretion of digestive enzymes) |
| the makeup of the micro-city cell (organelles) | serve specific functions to keep the cell alive |
| micro-city cell function | maintain homeostasis in the cell |
| cell membrane (city border) | protect the integrity of the cell by allowing certain substances into the cell while keeping other substances out |
| Nucleus(mayor) | nucleus envelope has nuclear pores,(contains reference material) |
| Ribosomes (brick yard) what is oxidative metabolism? chemical process where O2 is used to make energy from carbohydrates (glucose molecule can produce 36 ATP) In what kind of cells would you expect to find a lot of Mitochondria: the heart muscle, | formation of ribosomal subunits occur in nucleus, movement of ribosomes to cytoplasm: subunits through nuclear pores and constructed in cytoplasm |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum [smooth and rough] (roads), | Rough=proteins, Smooth=lipids |
| Lysosomes (waste disposal/recycling) | contain digestive enzymes, help digest intracellular substances, involved in programmed cell death/sucide sacs |
| peroxisomes (contain enzymes) | contains enzymes that break down organic compounds and toxic substances (in liver/kidneys), byproduct |
| mitochondria | powerhouse of the cell (36 ATP) |
| cytoskeleton (steel girders): | where the cytoplasm comes into contact with a cell membrane |
| Cilia | respiratory epithelial cells (move cerebrospinal fluid through the ventricular system to the brain) |
| Flagella | sperm cells (help propel the cell through the fallopian tubes) |
| microvilli (on outer wall to help with transport, propulsion, and increase surface area for greater absorption respectively) | lining small intestine (absorbs nutrients and protects body from intestinal bacteria) |
| What are the steps to protein synthesis; from DNA (master chef cookbook) all the way to the peptide bonds formed for the protein (meal) | letters used- A,T,G,C- DNA, A,U,G.C-RNA, written into 3 letters, translated into specific amino acids (condon) what is transcription? forming a copy of part of the DNA information, occurs in nucleus |
| What is translation? | occurs in the ribosomes outside of the nucleus, synthesis of protein based on the information in the messenger RNA→ travels through nuclear pores, MRNA binds to ribosomes, synthesis of protein based on information in MRNA |
| Protein synthesis | ,DNA, mRNA, Translation, Protein |
| What are the stages of mitosis? | Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| Interphase | Intermission – time between cell divisions, DNA replicated |
| prophase | to foreshadow – chromatin condenses into chromosomes, centrioles move towards the poles of the cell |
| metaphase | between appearance – chromosome align in the center of the cell), |
| anaphase | up appearance – centromeres and chromatids separate |
| telophase | end appearance – cytoplasm begin to divide to form two cells), end of mitosis you have two daughter cells with identical DNA to the parent cell |
| functions of Epithelia | Protecting underlying structures, Acting as barriers, Permitting the passage of substances, Secreting substances, Absorbing substances |
| Epithelia characteristics | very low extracellular material, covers internal/external surface, usually has a basement membrane, no blood supply (nutrients get in through diffusion across basement membrane |
| Epithelia are they classified | by # of cell layers/shape |
| The structural and functional relationship Epithelia | preform covering of all body surfaces, provide protection/absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception |
| How cells are connected | Though cell-surface proteins called adhesion molecules |
| connective tissue cells and their functions | Fibers are loose and intertwined among the cells |
| Functions of Connective Tissue: | enclosing/separating (surround organs), Connecting tissue to one another (tendon), Supporting/moving (bone/cartilage), Storing- bone; stores minerals; calcium, phosphate, Cushioning/insulating- adipose tissue, Transporting-blood, Protecting- bones, blood |
| How are connective tissues classified | Bone, blood, cartilage, connective tissue proper |
| Locations of connective tissue | Between tissues everywhere in the body |
| What are the functions of the Integumentary system? | protection, sensation, temperature regulation, excretion/absorption |
| What are the layers of skin, under the skin? | Epidermis: composed of stratified squamous epithelium Dermis: dense irregular connective tissue, contains fibroblast, fat cells, and macrophages Hypodermis: |
| What are the accessory skin structures | Hair anatomy: shaft, root, and hair follicle Shaft: superficial; root: deeper; hair follicle; surrounds root Sebaceous glands: produced sebum (which is oily), lubricates hair and surface of skin |
| Arrector pili muscles | goose bumps |
| Sudoriferous glands | sweat glands |
| Sebaceous glands | produced sebum (which is oily), lubricates hair and surface of skin |
| Cleavage lines | tension lines in skin, caused by collagen fibers in dermis oriented in different directions |
| Striae | stretch marks, caused by overstretched dermis |
| Basal Cell Carcinoma: | most frequent less malignant, stratum basale cell proliferate and invade the dermis and produce an open ulcer, slow growing/don’t often metastasize, can be cured by surgical excision/radiation therapy |
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum, arised most often on scalp,ears, and lower lip, grows rapidly and metastasize if not removed, prognosis is good if treated by radiation or if removed surgically |
| Melanoma | most dangerous type of skin cancer, highly malignant, resistant to most available cures |
| Melanoma Characteristics | asymmetry, border is irregular/exhibits indentations, color is black/brown/tan/red/blue, diameter is larger than 6mm |
| Effects of aging | blood flow reduced, skin becomes thinner and elasticity is lost, sweat and sebaceous glands less active, and number of melanocytes decreases |
Created by:
smite147
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