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A&P Lecture Exam
Units 1-3A for Gary Heisermann A&P Lecture Exam
| Learning Objectives | Definitions/Answers |
|---|---|
| 1.1 - Understand the scope of the fields of anatomy and physiology. | While human anatomy is the study of the body's structures, physiology is the study of how those structures work. |
| 1.2 - What properties do all living systems have in common? (=what does something have to do to be "alive"?) | All living things have certain traits in common: Cellular organization, the ability to reproduce, growth & development, energy use, homeostasis, response to their environment, and the ability to adapt. |
| 1.3 - Define the "levels of organization" and briefly explain how they relate to each other. | Life processes of the human body are maintained at several levels of structural organization. These include the chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and the organism level. |
| 1.4 - List the organ systems of the body, and the major functions of each system (use the 12 Units handout as a guide on this) | Integumentary - Produces vitamin D, protection, temperature regulation Muscular - allows us to move Skeletal - provides structural support Cardiovascular - pumps blood, supplies body with nutrients Lymphatic/Immune - gets rid of foreign substances fo |
| 1.6 - Describe the components of a homeostatic control system. Know the basic difference between neural, endocrine, and paracrine control. | a receptor, a control center, and an effector. receptor receives information, the control center controls the outcome based on the receptor, the effector is what is effected. the neural control system uses neurons, the endocrine system uses the blood str |
| 1.7 - Be familiar with basic anatomical terminology (anatomical position, 3 types of planes/sections, major directional terms and body cavities) | (learned in lab) |
| 1.8 - Know basic chemical terms (atom, ion, element, proton, neutron) | (learned in chemistry) |
| 1.8.5 - How do chemical compounds differ from molecules? | A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. A compound is a substance which is formed by two or more different types of elements which are united chemically in a fixed proportion. |
| 1.9 - Explain what changes occur during any and every chemical reaction | color change, formation of a precipitate, formation of a gas, odor change, temperature change. |
| 1.10 - Know the different types of chemical bonds (ionic, covalent, hydrogen) | An ionic bond essentially donates an electron to the other atom participating in the bond, while electrons in a covalent bond are shared equally between the atoms.a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proto |
| 1.11 - Describe the unique structure and properties of water molecules. What is polarity? | Water molecules are polar, with partial positive charges on the hydrogens, a partial negative charge on the oxygen, and a bent overall structure. This is because oxygen is more electronegative, meaning that it is better than hydrogen at attracting electro |
| 1.12 - What is pH? Why is it so important? | pH is an important quantity that reflects the chemical conditions of a solution. The pH can control the availability of nutrients, biological functions, microbial activity, and the behavior of chemicals. |
| 1.13 - Organic chemicals: why is carbon so special? what are hydrocarbons? | is carbon's capacity for covalent bonding. Because a C atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms, it's well suited to form the basic skeleton, or “backbone,” of a macromolecule. |
| 1.14 - How do functional groups change the properties of organic molecules? | A functional group is an atom or group of atoms that is responsible for a particular chemical property of an organic compound. A functional group gives an organic compound a property that is different than it would otherwise have. |
| 1.15 - Define: monomer, polymer, dehydration synthesis, and hydrolysis (examples are in text for carbs, proteins) | Dehydration reactions link monomers together into polymers by releasing water, and hydrolysis breaks polymers into monomers using a water molecule. Monomers are just single unit molecules and polymers are chains of monomers. |
| 1.16 - Know the common mono-, di, and poly-saccharides | mono - one di - two poly - many |
| 1.17 - Define "lipid", and compare fatty acids with triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids. | Lipids can take one of four structural forms: Fatty acids saturated and unsaturated. Triglycerides - includes glycerol. Phospholipids -glycerol and at least one phosphorus compound. Sterols - contain sterol moiety |
| 1.18 - What are fatty acids? How do they become mono-glycerides, di-glycerides, and triglycerides? | They are made up of glycerol and one fatty acid chain. Triglycerides are very similar, except they have three fatty acid chains. Triglycerides convert temporarily into monoglycerides and diglycerides during digestion. |
| 1.19 - What are phospholipids? Eicosanoids? Steroids? | |
| 1.20 - Explain how lipids interact (or don't) with water. What exactly is a hydrophobic "bond" or interaction? | |
| 1.21 - Draw the structure of a generalized amino acid. | |
| 1.22 - Explain the four levels of protein structure, and how they relate to protein conformation | |
| 1.23 - Why are proteins so important to our understanding of the body? | |
| 1.24 - What are enzymes, how do they work, and why are they so important? | |
| 1.25 - What are nucleic acids and why are they such a big deal? | |
| 2.1 - Know the importance of cells in our hierarchy of organizational levels. | |
| 2.2 - <Be familiar with the range of cellular organelles and their functions. -> review only> | |
| 2.3 - Describe the structure of the plasma membrane and its major chemical components | |
| 2.4 - Explain the key role of concentration gradients in causing molecules to move. | |
| 2.5 - What is osmosis? What force actually makes water move across membranes? | |
| 2.6 - How do ions and polar molecules cross membranes? | |
| 2.7 - How does facilitated diffusion differ from simple diffusion? | |
| 2.8 - How do (primary) active transport and secondary active transport differ? | |
| 2.9 - Understand the key role of cell membranes in creating the intracellular "fluid compartment". | |
| 2.10 - Describe the four classes of tissues, and their major "jobs" [= functions!]. | |
| 2.11a - how are epithelia described? Why do they vary so much? | |
| 2.11b - connective tissues vary even more! What major groups of CT's exist? | |
| 2.11c - what are "epithelial membranes"? Describe the 3 main examples | |
| 2.12 - Know that endothelium "defines" two important fluid compartments (interstitial fluid and plasma) | |
| 2.13 - List the key functions of the skin. | |
| 2.14a - Where are the skin glands, blood vessels, and nerves found? | |
| 2.14b - What are the layers of the epidermis? How do they differ from each other? | |
| 2.14c - How does the epidermis relate to the tissues below (deep to) it? | |
| 2.14d - What are the two different layers/regions of the dermis? What tissues are prominent in each layer? | |
| 2.15 - What functional roles are played by the secretory glands of the skin? | |
| 2.16 - Thermoregulation matters! Where is the control center for this? What happens to blood flow in the skin to help keep us warm? What happens when we need to get rid of heat? | |
| 2.17 - What types of information is obtained via the sensory receptors in skin? | |
| 2.18 - What is autoregulation? Why is local blood flow so important? | |
| 2.19 - What is inflammation? What happens in skin during inflammation and wound healing? | |
| 2.19a - what is the initial stimulus for inflammation, and what is the response to the stimulus? | |
| 2.19b - what is the second stage of inflammation? | |
| 2.19c - stage 3 = what 4 things are the classic symptoms of inflammation? | |
| 2.19d - what is inflammation good for? why does inflammation have a bad reputation? | |
| 3.1 - Describe the functions of the skeletal system (use the list from the lecture slides). | |
| 3.2 - Understand the basics of bone tissue anatomy (what cell types are involved? what is bone matrix?) | |
| 3.3 - Define bone remodeling. (give examples, and explain why it matters) | |
| 3.3a - How does a bone change during normal or "everyday" remodeling? | |
| 3.3b - What happens to the bone when there is a major change in the physical stresses put on the bone? | |
| 3.4 - Be familiar with the 3 types of cartilage. What is each type best suited for? | |
| 3.5 - Understand the terms used to categorize and describe bones (bone shapes, bone markings, etc.) | |
| 3.6 - Name the 4 different types of bone cells, and describe their role in bone physiology. | |
| 3.7 - How do the collagen and calcium phosphate in bone ECM each contribute to bone "strength"? | |
| 3.8 - Describe the two types of bone development. What bones develop by each method? | |
| 3.9a - how does the body respond when blood calcium is high? (a single hormone, a single response) | |
| 3.9b - how does the body respond when blood calcium is how? (2 hormones, several effects) | |
| 3.10 - What is osteoporosis? What are the risk factors for developing osteoporosis? | |
| 3.11 - Know the major regional terms describing the axial and appendicular skeletons | |
| 3.12 - Understand the basic structure and importance of the pectoral and pelvic girdles | |
| 3.13 - Know the major bones of the appendages <and their major landmarks> | |
| 3.14 - Identify the major skull bones <and describe their prominent landmarks> | |
| 3.15 - Describe the structure of the vertebral column <including its regions and curvatures and the detailed structure of a representative vertebrae>. How do cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae differ? | |
| 3.16 - Know the bones of the "thoracic cage". What are the two critical functions of this structure? |
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