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Pinnacle Bio Quiz #1
Mitosis/Cell cycle regulation/Meiosis
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell Theory | All cells come from preexisting cells |
| Cell Division | one cell divides into two daughter cells (process that creates two cells) |
| Asymmetrical division | mother cell produces daughter cell and remains pretty much unchanged (mother cell tends to be larger than daughter) |
| Plants and yeast | Examples of Asymmetrical division... |
| Symmetrical division | two daughter cells that are identical are produced by mother cell |
| Bacteria and single celled eukaryotes | Examples of Symmetrical division... |
| Single cell reproduction | = single cell cell division |
| asexual production or sexual production | When reproduction becomes important it can happen through.... |
| Genetically or virtually identical to parent | Asexual reproduction by binary fission or mitosis results in... |
| Mutations | any genetic variations among parent and offspring (asexual) |
| Binary Fission | asexual cell divisions that produces two genetically identical daughter cells |
| Mitosis | creates two genetically identical daughter cells |
| genetic diversity | Sexual reproduction by meiosis results in... |
| Gametes | is a result of sexual reproduction and fuse together to produce offspring that genetically differ from their parents |
| Meiosis | a type of cell division that results in the daughter cells (gametes) containing only half the DNA of the original cell |
| genetic diversity | Meiosis → |
| Somatic cells | any cell in the body of a multicellular organism that does not specialize in reproduction (mitosis NOT meiosis) |
| Diploid | two paired sets of chromosomes → found in somatic cells |
| Homologous Pairs | two chromosome in pairs that are nearly identical in length and DNA sequence → one homolog is maternal and one paternal |
| Haploids | gametes have them, contains only a single set of chromosomes |
| Haplontic life cycle | the mature organism is haploid and zygote is the only diploid stage |
| Haplo-diplontic life cycle | the organism spends time in both stages equally |
| Diplontic life cycle | the organism is diploid and the gametes are the only haploid stage |
| Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) | kinases involved in the cell cycle regulation and they catalyze the phosphorylation of target proteins that regulate the cell cycle |
| Cell cycle checkpoints | places cdk’s function in different phases of the cell cycle |
| G1 (G1 to S) restriction point that is triggered by damaged DNA S, DNA damage G2, DNA damage Metaphase, triggered by a chromosome that fails to attach to the spindle | Where are the check points during the cell cycle and what do they check for? |
| Necrosis | multicellular organisms, what a cell is damaged these cells will swell and burst |
| Apoptosis | a genetically programmed death (or series that results in death) |
| What are the reasons a cell would go through apoptosis? | No longer function properly (age or damage over time) No longer needed for the organism The cell is responding to an infection Cells reached there division limit and can no longer divide (this is called the Hayflick limit) |
| Why does cancer occur or begin? | Cancel cells do not listen to external or internal signals Cancer cells do not have signals to stop cell division Arise from mutations in DNA |
| Differences in Meiosis are... | Homologous chromosome pairs No Centromere division (homologous chromosomes separate) |
| What is responsible for genetic variation? | Independent assortment and crossing over generate diversity |
| Nondisjunction | in Meiosis where homologous pairs or sister chromatids fail to separate |
| Aneuploidy | having and unequal number of copies of each chromosome |
| Polyploidy | containing more than two entire sets of chromosomes |
| Polyspermy | more than one male gamete fertilizes a single female gamete |
| Telomere | - end piece of a DNA strand (“nonsense DNA”) |
| Why does some cancers continue growing? | Cancer should extinguish itself but it elongates the telomere using telomerase… which originally goes aways before birth (and they can turn it on) |
| protein kinases (CDK’s) | Proteins to regulate cell cycle |
| Cyclin | (another protein) that fluctuates in its concentration→ when it begins to concentrate it attaches to protein kinases |
| Proteolytic enzymes | responsible for breaking down the cyclins |
| APC | is a delay signal until the connectors attach and then allows for the proteolytic enzymes to allow for the spindles to be broken down |
| Nondisjunction | when the chromosomes fail to separate in meiosis |
| Monosomy | (n-1) one less chromosome |
| Trisomy | (n+1) one additional chromosome |
| Polyploidy | when the chromosomes are all in one gamete and there is a diploid gamete |
Created by:
ellamart_18
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