Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
BIO 1-4
Exam 1 review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The 3 domains: | Archaea, bacteria, and eukarya |
| The levels of classification: | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| Characteristics of living organisms: | Complexity, Movement, Response to stimulation, Cellular Organization, Energy Utilization, Homeostasis, Growth, development, & reproduction, and heredity |
| Fundamental Properties of Life: | Cellular organization, energy utilization (photosynthesis), homeostasis, growth, development, & reproduction, and heredity |
| Homeostasis - | The maintenance of a relatively stable internal physiological environment in an organism; usually involves some form of feedback self-regulation. |
| Heredity - | DNA replicaiton and duplication onto offspring |
| Photosynthesis - | the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water |
| Consumers include: | herbivores and carnivores |
| Heterotrophs - | organisms that can’t derive energy from photosynthesis so it must feed on other plants and animals |
| Atom - | The smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction |
| Organelle - | the specialized part of a cell; literally, a small cytoplasmic organ |
| Cell - | the basic unit of life |
| Cellular Levels: | Atoms, molecules, organelles |
| Organismal Levels: | Tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms |
| Ecosystem Levels: (each level has emergent properties) | population (same place), specis (specific kind), community (different species in one place), ecosystem (biological community and physical habitat), biosphere (earth) |
| Emergent Properties - | Novel properties arising from the way in which components interact. Emergent properties often can’t be deduced solely from knowledge of the individual components. |
| Deductive Reasoning - | general principles to make specific predictions |
| Inductive reasoning - | specific observations to develop general conclusions |
| Self correcting - | a systematic approach to gain an understanding of the natural world |
| Scientific Method - | An orderly sequence used when testing a hypotheses |
| Scientific Method: | Observation, Hypothesis formation, prediction, experimentation, and conclusion |
| Variable - | A factor that influences a process, an outcome, or an observation. In experiments, scientists attempt to isolate variables to test hypotheses. |
| Experiment - | tests hypotheses |
| Test Experiment - | one variable is altered |
| Control Experiment - | variable is left unaltered |
| Models - | Organize thought, show relationships between parts, and suggest experiments |
| Scientific theory - | a statement supported by evidence and scientific reasoning, is the most certain explanation |
| Evolution - | the change in the characteristics of a species over several generations and relies on the process of natural selection |
| Alfred Russel Wallace - | a young man who proposed a theory similar to Darwins, thus causing Darwin to publish his book |
| Darwin and Evolution - | Darwin originally proposed the theory of evolution, which caused the theory to gain acceptance |
| Jean Baptiste de Lamarck – | inheritance of acquired characteristics (1801) |
| Natural selection - | The differential reproduction of genotypes; caused by factors in the environment; leads to evolutionary change |
| Selection - | the process by which some organisms leave more offspring than competing ones, and their genetic traits tend to appear in greater proportions among members of succeeding generations than the traits of those individuals that leave fewer offspring |
| Homologous - | same evolutionary origin, different in structure and function |
| Analogous - | different origin, same purpose (butterfly and bird wings) |
| Unifying Themes in Biology: | 1. Life is subject to chemical and physical laws, 2. Structure determines function, 3. Living systems transform energy and matter, 4. Living systems depend on information transactions, and 5. Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life |
| Inductive Reasoning - | specific observations to develop general conclusions |
| self correcting - | a systematic approach to gain an understanding of the natural world |
| Scientific method - | an orderly sequence used when testing a hypothesis |
| Subatomic particles: | Protons, neutrons, and electrons |
| Protons - | positively charged particles found in the nucleus |
| Neutrons - | neutral particles found in the nucleus |
| Electrons - | negatively charged particles found in orbitals surrounding the nucleus |
| Niels Bohr - | created the atomic diagram |
| Atomic number - | number of protons in an element |
| If the amount of protons equals the amount of electrons, then the atoms are ______________. | electrically neutral |
| Element - | a substance that can’t be broken down by ordinary means |
| Atomic mass - | sum of protons plus neutrons in an element |
| Orbital - | a region around the nucleus of an atom with a high probability of containing an electron. The positions of electrons can only be described by these probability distributions |
| Ions - | charged particles |
| Cation - | a positively charged ion |
| Anion - | a negatively charged ion |
| Isotopes - | different forms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons |
| Radioactive isotope - | an isotope that is unstable and undergoes radioactive decay, releasing energy |
| Potential energy - | the farther an electron is from the nucleus, the more potential energy it has |
| Redox Reaction - | when one atom or molecule is oxidized while another is reduced in the same reaction |
| Oxidation - | loss of an electron |
| Reduction - | gain of an electron |
| LEO the lion goes GER: | Loss of an electron → oxidation, Gain of an electron → reduction |
| Valence electrons - | of electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom |
| Octet rule - | a rule that describes a total of eight electrons are needed to complete an atoms outer electron shell |
| These 4 main elements make up 96.3% of human body weight: | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen |
| Molecules - | common atoms in stable association |
| Compounds - | molecules containing more than one type of element |
| Chemical bonds - | the energy or force holding atoms together |
| Ionic Bond - | Chemical bond former by electrostatic interaction between ions with opposite charge |
| Covalent bond - | a chemical bond arising from two atoms sharing one or more electrons |
| Electronegativity - | a property of atomic nuclei that refers to the affinity of the nuclei for valence electrons; a nucleus that is more electronegative has a greater pull on electrons than one that is less electronegative |
| Nonpolar covalent bonds - | equal sharing of electrons |
| Polar covalent bonds - | unequal sharing of electrons |
| Hydrogen bond - | a weak association formed with hydrogen in polar covalent bonds. The partially positive hydrogen is attracted to partially negative atoms in polar covalent bonds |
| Van der Waals Forces - | a weak chemical interaction between atoms and molecules. This affects the structure of important biological molecules. |
| Reactants - | original molecules |
| Products - | molecules resulting from reaction |
| Polarity - | refers to unequal charge distribution in a molecule such as water, which has a positive region and a negative region although it is neutral overall. |
| Cohesion - | attraction between water molecules |
| Adhesion - | water molecules stick to other polar molecules |
| Acid - | any substance that dissociates in water to increase the hydrogen ion concentration and thus lower the ph |
| Base - | any substance that dissociates in water to absorb and therefore decrease the hydrogen ion concentration and thus raise the ph. |
| Buffer - | A substance that resists changes in ph. it releases hydrogen ions when a base is added and absorbs H+ when an acid is added |
| Functional Group - | a molecular group attached to a hydrocarbon that confers chemical properties or reactivities |
| Isomer - | one of a group of molecules identical in atomic composition but differing in structural arrangement; for example, glucose and fructose |
| Structural isomers - | differ in the actual carbon skeleton |
| Stereoisomers - | differ in the spatial arrangement of the groups attached to a carbon skeleton |
| Enantiomers - | mirror image molecules |
| Glucose - | C6H12O6 |
| Macromolecules: | Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids |
| Polymer - | A molecule composed of many similar or identical molecular subunits; starch is a polymer of glucose. |
| Monomer - | The smallest chemical subunit of a polymer. The monosaccharide α-glucose is the monomer found in plant starch, a polysaccharide. |
| Dehydration reaction - | formation of polymer, removal of water |
| Hydrolysis - | breakdown of polymer, addition of water |
| Monosaccharides - | a simple sugar that can’t be decomposed into smaller sugar molecules |
| Disaccharides - | a carbohydrate formed of two simple sugar molecules bonded covalently |
| Polysaccharide - | a carbohydrate composed of many monosaccharide sugar subunits linked together in a long chain; examples are glycogen, starch, and cellulose. |
| Protein functions include: | Enzyme catalysis, defense, transport, support, motion, regulation, storage |
| Amino Acid - | the subunit structure from which proteins are produced, consisting of a central carbon atom with a carboxyl group, an amino group, a hydrogen, and a side group; only the side group differs from one amino acid to another |
| Polypeptide - | a molecule consisting of many joined amino acids; not usually as complex as a protein |
| Types of R groups: | Nonpolar, Polar uncharged, Charged, Aromatic, Unique |
| Peptide Bond - | the type of bond that links amino acids together in proteins through a dehydration reaction |
| The form of a protein determines its | functions |
| Levels of proteins structure: | Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary |
| Tertiary structure is stabilized by: | Hydrophobic regions, Ionic bonds btw R groups, Disulfide bonds (cysteine) |
| Chaperone Proteins - | a class of enzymes that help proteins fold into the correct configuration and can refold proteins that have been misfolded or denatured |
| Heat Shock Proteins | a protein that acts as a molecular chaperone |
| Denaturation - | the loss of the native configuration of a protein or nucleic acid as a result of excessive heat, extremes of pH, chemical modification, or changes in solvent ionic strength or polarity that disrupt hydrophobic interactions; usually accompanied by loss of |
| Renaturation | when a protein may spontaneously refold into its natural shape, driven by the interactions between its nonpolar aminoacids and water |
| Dissociation - | in proteins, the reversible separation of protein subunits from a quaternary structure without alterinf their tertiary structure |
| Nucleic Acid - | A nucleotide polymer; chief types aew DNA, which is double-stranded, and RNA, which is typically single stranded |
| nucleotide - | a single unit of nucleic acid, composed of a phosphate, a five-carbon sugar, and a purine or a pyrimidine |
| phosphodiester bonds - | bonds that connect nucleotides |
| Purines - | adenine and guanine |
| Pyrimidines - | thymine, cytosine, uracil |
| complimentary strands - | apples on trees, cars in garages (AT, CG) |
| DNA versus RNA | DNA is double stranded, deoxyribose, and has thymine. RNA is single stranded, ribonucleic, and has uracil. |
| Many Roles of RNA | RNA carries info in the form of messenger RNA, is part of the ribosome in the form of ribosomal RNA, and carries amino acids in the form of transfer RNA |
| ATP - | adenosine triphosphate |
| Lipids - | a nonpolar hydrophobic organic molecule that is invaluable in water but dissolves readily in nonpolar organic solvents; includes fats, oils, waxes, steroids, phospholipids, and carotenoids. |
| Triglycerides - | an individual fat molecule, composed of a glycerol and three fatty acids |
| Types of fatty acids: | Saturated, Unsaturated, Trans fats - synthetic |
| Other lipids : | Steroids |
| The two types of isomers: | structural isomers and stereoisomers |
| Carbs ex: | starch, glycogen (animal starch), cellulose, chitin |
| Proteins ex: | functional and structural |
| Nucleic acids ex: | DNA and RNA |
| Lipids: | fats, phospholipids, prostagladins, steroids, terpenes |
| Robert Hooke - | Was the first to observe cells in 1665. |
| Schleiden and Schwann - Cell Theory: | 1. All organisms are composed of cells, 2. Cells are the smallest living things, and 3. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells |
| Rate of diffusion is affected by: | 1. Surface area available, 2. Temperature, 3. Concentration gradient, and 4. Distance |
| Cell Size is Limited | Surface Area to Volume Ratio |
| Organelles - | specialized part of a cell; a small cytoplasmic organ |
| Resolution - | minimum distance two points apart and distinguished as two separate points |
| Types of Microscopes: | Light microscopes and Electron microscopes |
| Types of electron microscopes: | Transmission electron and Scanning electron microscopes |
| All cells exhibit basic structural similarities: | Centrally located genetic material, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, Plasma membrane |
| Prokaryotic Cells: | consist of a nucleoid, cell wall, ribosomes, flagella, pili, capsule |
| nucleoid - | the area of a prokaryotic cell, usually near the center, that contains the genome in the form of DNA compacted with protein |
| Cell wall - | the rigid, most outermost layer of the cells of plants, some protists, and most bacteria; the cell wall surrounds the plasma membrane |
| Ribosomes - | the molecular machine that carries out protein synthesis; the most complicated aggregation of proteins in a cell, also containing 3 different rRNA molecules |
| Bacterial Cell Wall - | 1. composed of peptidoglycan, 2. protect, maintain shape, and prevent excessive uptake or loss of water, and 3. Susceptibility to antibiotics |
| Flagella - | long, threadlike structures protruding from the surface of a cell and used in locomotion |
| Eukaryotic cells: | have a membrane-bound nucleus, cytoskeleton (support and cellular structure), ribosomes, endomembrane system, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, lysobodies, proteosomes, plant vacuoles, lysosomes, digestive vesicles, peroxisomes, mitochondria, etc. |
| Eukaryotic Cell Features: | Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, Organelles, Cytoskeleton |
| Nucleus includes - | DNA, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, and nuclear pores |
| DNA - | The genetic material of all organisms; composed of two complementary chains of nucleotides wound in a double helix |
| Ribosomes - | The molecular machine that carries out protein synthesis; contains mRNA, tRNA, rRNA , and proteins |
| Endomembrane System - | A system of connected membranous compartments found in eukaryotic cells |
| Endoplasmic reticulum - | Internal membrane system that forms a netlike array of channels and interconnections within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. |
| The two compartments of the endoplasmic reticulum: | Rough ER and smooth ER |
| Golgi apparatus - | A collection of flattened stacks of membranes in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells; functions in collection, packaging, and distribution of molecules synthesized in the cell |
| Lysosomes - | A membrane-bounded vesicle containing digestive enzymes that is produced by the golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells. They destroy cells or foreign matter from phagocytosis |
| Peroxisomes - | a microbody that plays an important role in the breakdown of highly oxidative hydrogen peroxide by catalase. |
| Proteosomes - | a large, cylandrical cellular organelle that degrades proteins marked with ubiquitin |
| ubiquitin - | a small protein that acts like a tag or signal |
| Vacuoles (found in plant cells) - | a membrane-bounded sac in the cytoplasm of some cells, used for storage or digestion purposes in different kinds of cells; plant cells often contain a large central vacuole that stores water, proteins, and waste materials. |
| Types of vacuoles: | Central vacuole, Contractile vacuole (in some fungi and protists), Storage vacuoles |
| Mitochondria – | the organelle called the powerhouse of the cell.. generates ATP, consists of an outer membrane, an inner membrane (cristae) that supports electron transport and chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP, and a soluble matrix containing citric acid cycle enzymes |
| Chlorophyll - | the primary type of light-absorbing pigment in photosynthesis |
| Thylakoids - | an organized internal membrane composed of flattened disks, which contain the photosystems involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis |
| Grana - | stacks of thylakoids |
| Endosymbiosis - | theory that proposes that eukaryotic cells evolved from a symbiosis between different species of prokaryotes |
| Cytoskeleton - | a network of protein microfilaments and microtubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that maintains the shape of the cell, anchors its organelles, and is involved in animal cell motility |
| Actin filaments (Microfilaments) - | Smallest diameter of the three cytoskeletal elements; involved in cell motility and, along with myosin, part of myofilaments |
| Microtubules - | in eukaryotic cells; a long, hollow protein cylinder, composed of the protein tubulin; these influence cell shape, move the chromosomes in cell division, and provide the functional internal structure of cilia and flagella |
| Intermediate filaments - | an elaborate network in the cytoplasm of most cells |
| Centrosome - | Microtubule-organizing center |
| Molecular motors - | All eukaryotic cells must move materials from one place to another in the cytoplasm. Cells use the channels of the ER as an intracellular highway. Material can be moved using vesicles loaded with cargo moves along the cytoskeleton like it was a railroad t |
| Dynein(-)/kinesin (+) - | Kinesin binds vesicles to the motor protein kinesin. The dynactin complex, binds vesicles to the motor protein dynein |
| 3 Types of cell connections: | 1. Adhesive junctions, 2. Septate / tight junctions, and 3. Communicating junctions |
| Vesicles - | can move along tracks from the cell body to the end of the cell. |
Created by:
gxlxctic.tofu
Popular Biology sets