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Anat Chapter 2
The Chemistry of Living things
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| matter | anything that has mass and takes up space |
| element | a fundamental form of matter that cannot be broken down to a simpler form |
| atom | the smallest unit of any element that retains the physical and chemical properties of that element |
| proton | positively charged subatomic particle |
| neutron | a neutral particle found within the nucleus of an atom |
| electron | negatively charged subatomic particle |
| mass | similar to weight but not dependent on gravity |
| atomic number | a number characteristic of an atom and based on the number of protons in the nucleus |
| atomic mass | the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom |
| isotopes | atoms of the same element with differing numbers of neutrons |
| radioisotopes | isotopes that give off energy in the form of radiation |
| molecule | a stable association between two or more atoms |
| energy | the capacity to do work |
| potential energy | stored energy that is not performing work at the moment |
| kinetic energy | energy that is doing work |
| chemical bond | attractive forces that bind atoms to each other |
| ion | a charged atom formed when an atom gains or loses electrons |
| there are just over ____ known elements | 100 |
| all known elements are arranges into groups according to their similar properties, in a table known as the ___________________ table | periodic |
| the smallest unit of matter that can take part in a chemical reaction is a(n) _______ | atom |
| the second shell of an atom can hold up to _________ electrons | 8 |
| all atoms of the same element have the same number of ____________ | protons |
| the chemical formula H2S indicates that one molecule of this substance will have ____ atom(s) of hydrogen and _____ atom(s) of sulfur | 2,1 |
| if an electron moves from the 3rd shell of an atom to the 2nd shell, will it gain or lose energy? | lose |
| when atoms share electrons in order to fill their outermost occupied electron shells, a(n) ______________ bond is formed | covalent |
| when a chemical bond forms between oppositely charged ions, it will be a(n) ____________________ bond | hydrogen |
| ions in aqueous solution are called electrolytes because these solutions are able to __________________ _________________. | conduct, electricity |
| Do double bonds ever occur between atoms joined by ionic bonds? | No, because ionic bonds can't transfer 2 electrons |
| What types of chemical bonds will exist in a glass of pure water? | hydrogen bonds |
| what types of chemical bonds will exist in a glass of salt water if some of the salt remains undissolved? | ionic bond |
| is H2 a polar molecule? | non polar the electrons are shared equally |
| a molecule that can give up a H+ ion? | acid |
| A molecule that can accept a H+ ion? | base |
| any substance that minimizes changes in the pH of a solution when an acid or base is added | buffer |
| hydrophilic | molecules that are polar and are attracted to water |
| solute | a dissolved substance |
| hydrophobic | molecules that are not polar and are not attracted to water |
| solvent | a liquid in which other substances dissolve |
| pH scale | a measure of H+ concentration in a solution |
| is vinegar more acidic or more alkaline than water? | alkaline |
| does baking soda have a higher concentration of H+ or OH- than water? | higher concentration of H+ |
| water has ______ times more H+ than baking soda | 100 |
| Which molecule accepts H+ when the blood becomes too acidic? | bicarbonate |
| which molecule donates H+ when the blood becomes too alkaline? | carbonic acid |
| which molecule will increase in concentration when the blood becomes too acidic? | increases |
| which molecule will increase in concentration when he blood becomes too alkaline? | |
| polysaccharides | a long straight or branched chain containing thousands of monosaccharides |
| cellulose | a polysaccharide used by plants for structural support |
| lipid | the class of biochemical compounds that contains triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids |
| steroid | a group of molecules classified as lipids because they are insoluble in water |
| organic molecule | a molecule that contains carbon covalently bonded to other elements |
| cholesterol | a steroid that forms part of the cell membrane |
| dehydration | a reaction in which small molecules are covalently bonded by the removal of a water molecule |
| triglyceride | a lipid composed of one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids |
| hydrolysis | a reaction in which macromolecules are broken apart by the addition of a water molecule |
| phospholipid | a lipid that forms an important part of the cell membrane |
| oligosaccharide | a short string of monosaccharides linked together |
| starch | the storage polysaccharide found in plants |
| monosaccharide | the simplest carbohydrate, consisting of a single sugar unit |
| glycogen | the storage polysaccharide found in animals |
| fatty acids | a chain of hydrocarbons with a terminal carboxyl group |
| _________________ are large organic molecules consisting of thousands of smaller molecules | macromolecules |
| the synthesis of macromolecules from smaller molecules ________________ energy | requires |
| the breakdown of macromolecules ________________ energy | releases |
| the four classes of organic molecules made by living organisms are ____________________, _______________, ___________________, and __________________________ | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nuclei-acids |
| ______________ is a six-carbon monosaccharide that serves as an important source of energy for cells | glucose |
| ADP | a molecule produced by the breakdown of ATP |
| nucleotides | single units joined by covalent bonds in DNA and/or RNA |
| enzyme | a protein that speeds up a chemical reaction |
| ATP | a nucleotide that functions as the universal energy source for cells |
| amino acids | single units joined by covalent bonds to form a protein |
| protein | a chain of more than 100 amino acids |
| denaturation | permanent damage to protein structure resulting in loss of function |
| polypeptide | string of 3-100 amino acids |
| DNA/RNA | nucleic acids |
| catalyst | a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction |
| What is the monomer of protein? | amino acids |
| what is attached to each single bond surrounding the central carbon atom of an amino acid? | carboxyl group |
| When is a polypeptide referred to as a protein? | when the string is longer than 100 amino acids |
| Four levels of protein structure | primary, secondary, tertiary, quartenary |
| primary structure | sequence of chain |
| secondary structure | amino acids fold into repeating patterns |
| tertiary structure | 3-D folding pattern |
| quartenary | 1 or more amino acid chains |
| what cause denaturation of a protein? | disruption of protein structure |
| How is enzyme shape an example of the importance of homeostasis? | changeable shape of an enzyme |
Created by:
gallagherc
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