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Evolution
NCEA Level 3 Evolution exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ardipithecus Romidus | 'Ardi': 4.4mya, mosaic of primitive (arboreal) and advanced (bipedal) features |
| Australopithecus Afarensis | 'Lucy': 3.4mya, habitually bipdeal. Brain size: 350cc |
| Homo Habilis | 'Handy-man': 2.4mya, first tools. Brain size: 550cc |
| Homo Erectus | 1.7mya, dispersed through Asia from Africa, used fire. Brain size: 950cc |
| Homo Neanderthalensis | 400kya, dispersed through Europe and Asia, more advanced thought, speech, art etc. Brain size: 1450cc |
| Oldowan Tools | 2.6-1.7mya, made and used by H. Habilis. River worn pebbles with a few flakes removed |
| Acheulean Tools | 1.5-200kya, made and used by H. Erectus. Bifacial tear drop-shaped hand axes with more flakes removed |
| Mousterian Tools | 300-50kya, made and used by H. Neanderthalensis. Flint used, handles for axes, Levellois method used (2 people needed) |
| Upper Paleolithic Tools | 50-10kya, made and used by H. Sapiens. Ivory and other materials, hooks, needles, spear throwers etc. Complex tools built for purpose |
| Biological Evolution | Transmission/passing on of genetic information from parent to offspring (slow) |
| Cultural Evolution | Transmission of learned behaviours between individuals (often within a generation) |
| Hominin | Humans and our extinct bipedal ancestors |
| Hominid | All modern and extinct great apes |
| Bipedal | Animals that habitually walk on two legs |
| Quadrupedal | Animals that walk on four limbs |
| Trends in Human Cultural Evolution | Tools, fire, abstract thought, shelter, clothing, domestication of animals, agriculture |
| Skull Differences Between Apes and Humans | Foramen magnum at base of skull in humans, towards back of skull for apes. Apes have heavy brow ridges and zygomatic arches (cheeks), humans have reduced arches and little brow ridge. Apes are prognathic (jutted snout/face), humans aren't. |
| More Skull Differences | Apes have sagittal crest (strong jaw muscles for plants), humans don't. Humans have large cranial capacity and have a chin. |
| Spine Differences Between Humans and Apes | Humans have s-shaped spine, apes have arches, c-shaped spine. |
| Pelvis Differences Between Humans and Apes | Humans have broad, bowl shaped pelvis for our hanging guts/organs, apes have narrow, elongated pelvis |
| Leg Differences Between Humans and Apes | Humans have thigh bone and femur far apart with knee ends close together creating the valgus angle which helps shjift body weight closer to c.o.g, apes don't have this. Human's outer condyle is larger than the inner, apes are opposite. |
| Hand and Foot Differences Between Humans and Apes | Humans hands have a bigger, opposable thumb with precision grip that allows for fine manipulative work, apes don't. Humans have arched foot with big big toe in line with other for forward propulsion, apes have flat feet with smaller big toe off to side. |
| Butt Muscle Differences Between Humans and Apes | Humans have more developed butt muscles to support femur and pelvis in upright position, apes have smaller butt muscles to support body with arms on ground |
| Chest and Shoulder Blade Differences Between Humans and Apes | Humans have broad and narrow chest, flattened from front to back, apes have chest flattened at sides. Humans have a longer collarbone. Humans have shoulder blades on back as opposed to front (allows for power throwing) |
| Advantages of Bipedalism | Free hands (make tools), carry things, see further, throw things, larger and more intimidating |
| Disadvantages of Bipedalism | Hernia, varicose veins, painful childbirth, backaches, long time learning to walk |
| What are the two dispersal theories? | Multiregional theory and Out of Africa (Replacement) theory |
| What is the Out of Africa Dispersal Theory? | H. Sapiens evolved in Africa up until 170,000 ya then colonised the world, replacing other hominin species as it went. |
| What is Out of Africa Supported by? | Fossil evidence (transitional fossils only found in Africa), mtDNA, and genetic similarities between different races today |
| What is the Multiregional Dispersal Theory? | H. Sapiens evolved independantly in many places from H. Erectus/Ergaster over 1.2 my. |
| What is Multiregional Supported by? | Some fossil evidence that Ergaster was in Europe, gene flow (neanderthal + denisovan genes in humans today), belief that 17 0,000 y is too long to develop racial differences present today, and a distrust of mtDNA evidence. |
| How Did our Brains Develop? | By transitioning from being vegetarian to being omnivorous, meat helped our brains to grow which enabled tool production, led to being able to use fire, led to brains getting bigger from more meat |
| How Did Fire Influence our Development and Evolution? | By harnessing fire we were able to extend the day, protect and warm ourselves, make more tools, teach others how to make tools and communicate more, cook food (more nutrition), make more tools using fire, exploit more environments (caves) |
| Abstract Thought | Complex brain development led to: art, burial (concept of afterlife). H. Neanderthalensis and H. Sapiens exhibited this advanced behaviour |
| Domestication of Animals | This was done to help us for some purpose. Domesticated dogs (northern Eurasia between 14,000-29,000 ya), then sheep and goats in Southwest Asiua and Middle East for food use. Done by H. Sapiens |
| Agriculture | First evidence from H. Sapiens 10,000 ya in Middle East. Humans had enough complex brain development to understand animal behaviour and needs, tool culture, and understand climate, weather, and seasonal changes |
| Advantages of Agriculture | Larger populations possible (more consistent food supply), more permanent settlements (safer/secure), division of labour possible (people become more specialised and efficient), food certainty and energy saved (predictable crops) |
| Disadvantages of Agriculture | Larger populations may mean illness and disease easily spread due to density of population and waste, conflict and aggression may arise, more permanent settlements may have sanitation issues, food certainty may be compromised if crops fail, animals die |
| One more disadvantage | Food nutrition deficiencies due to less varied diet |
Created by:
starhopper
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