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GEOG-202

Chapter 1

TermDefinition
biomimicry Process of observing certain changes in nature, studying how natural systems have responded to such changing conditions over many millions of years, and applying what is learned to dealing with some environmental challenge.
Environmental science Interdisciplinary study that uses information and ideas from the physical sciences as well as those from the social sciences and humanities to learn how nature works, how we interact with the environment, and how we can to help deal
species Group of similar organisms, and for sexually reproducing organisms, a set of individuals that can mate and produce fertile offspring. Every organism is a member of a certain species.
environmentalism Social movement dedicated to protecting the earth’s life support systems for us and other species.
biodiversity Variety of different species, genetic variability among individuals within each species, variety of ecosystems, and functions such as energy flow and matter cycling needed for the survival of species and biological communities.
environment All external conditions, factors, matter, and energy, living and nonliving, that affect any living organism or other specified system.
ecology Biological science that studies the relationships between living organisms and their environment.
ecosystem One or more communities of different species interacting with one another and with the chemical and physical factors making up their nonliving environment.
nutrients Any chemical an organism must take in to live, grow, or reproduce.
chemical cycling/nutrient cycling The circulation of chemicals from the environment (mostly from soil and water) through organisms and back to the environment.
Natural resources Materials, such as air, water, and soil, and forms of energy in nature that are essential or useful to humans. See natural capital.
renewable resource Resource that can be replenished rapidly through natural processes as long as it is not used up faster than it is replaced.
Ecosystem services Natural services that support life on the earth and are essential to the quality of human life and the functioning of the world’s economies. Examples are the chemical cycles, natural pest control, and natural purification of air and water.
More-developed countries Country that is highly industrialized and has a high per capita GDP. Compare less-developed country.
natural capital Natural resources and natural services that keep us and other species alive and support our economies. See natural resources, natural services.
Solar energy Direct radiant energy from the sun; produces indirect forms of solar energy, including wind (resulting from differences in temperature between air masses), falling and flowing water, and biomass
sustainable yield Highest rate at which a potentially renewable resource can be used indefinitely without reducing its available supply.
full-cost pricing Setting market prices of goods and services to include hidden harmful environmental and health costs of producing and using them.
less-developed countries Country that has low to moderate industrialization and low to moderate per capita GDP. Most are located in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
environmental degradation Depletion or destruction of a potentially renewable resource such as soil, grassland, forest, or wildlife that is used faster than it is naturally replenished. If such use continues, the resource becomes nonrenewable or nonexistent.
ecological footprint Amount of biologically productive land and water needed to supply a population with the renewable resources it uses and to absorb or dispose of the wastes from such resource use. It is a measure of the average environmental impact of population
Exponential growth Growth in which some quantity, such as population size or economic output, increases at a constant rate per unit of time.
environmental worldview Set of assumptions and beliefs about how people think the world works, what they think their role in the world should be, and what they believe is right and wrong environmental behavior
human-centered environmental worldview Worldview that sees the natural world primarily as a support system for human life. Includes the planetary management worldview
natural capital degradation The waste, depletion, or destruction of any of the earth’s natural capital.
per capita ecological footprint Amount of biologically productive land and water needed to supply each person in a population with the renewable resources he or she uses and to absorb or dispose of the wastes from such resource use.
Poverty Inability of people to meet their basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter.
environmental ethics Human beliefs about what is right or wrong with how we treat the environment.
life-centered environmental worldview Worldview holding that all species have value as participating members of the biosphere, regardless of their potential or actual use to humans; includes the belief that we have an ethical responsibility to avoid hastening the extinction of species...
earth-centered environmental worldview Worldview holding that we are part of, and dependent on, nature; that the earth’s life support system exists for all species, not just for us; that our economic success and the long term survival of our cultures and our species
sustainability Ability of earth’s various systems, including human cultural systems and economies, to survive and adapt to changing environmental conditions indefinitely.
principles of sustainability Principles by which nature has sustained itself for billions of years by relying on solar energy, biodiversity, and nutrient recycling
natural income Renewable resources such as plants, animals, and soil provided by natural capital.
nonrenewable (exhaustible) resources Resource that exists in a fixed amount (stock) in the earth’s crust and has the potential for renewal by geological, physical, and chemical processes taking place over hundreds of millions to billions of years.
Created by: lmyles
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