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BIOL 1406 CH 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Robert Hooke - | Was the first to observe cells in 1665. |
| Schleiden and Schwann - Cell Theory: | 1. All organisms are composed of cells 2. Cells are the smallest living things 3. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells |
| Rate of diffusion is affected by: | 1. Surface area available 2. Temperature 3. Concentration gradient 4. Distance |
| Cell Size is Limited | Surface Area to Volume Ratio |
| Organelles - | specialized part of a cell; a small cytoplasmic organ |
| Resolution - | minimum distance two points apart and distinguished as two separate points |
| Types of Microscopes: | Light microscopes and Electron microscopes |
| Types of electron microscopes: | Transmission electron and Scanning electron microscopes |
| All cells exhibit basic structural similarities: | Centrally located genetic material, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, Plasma membrane |
| Prokaryotic Cells: | consist of a nucleoid, cell wall, ribosomes, flagella, pili, capsule |
| nucleoid - | the area of a prokaryotic cell, usually near the center, that contains the genome in the form of DNA compacted with protein |
| Cell wall - | the rigid, most outermost layer of the cells of plants, some protists, and most bacteria; the cell wall surrounds the plasma membrane |
| Ribosomes - | the molecular machine that carries out protein synthesis; the most complicated aggregation of proteins in a cell, also containing 3 different rRNA molecules |
| Bacterial Cell Wall - | 1. composed of peptidoglycan 2. protect, maintain shape, and prevent excessive uptake or loss of water 3. Susceptibility to antibiotics 4. Flagella - long, threadlike structures protruding from the surface of a cell and used in locomotion |
| Eukaryotic cells: | have a membrane-bound nucleus, cytoskeleton (support and cellular structure), ribosomes, endomembrane system, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, lysobodies, proteosomes, plant vacuoles, lysosomes, digestive vesicles, peroxisomes, mitochondria, etc. |
| Eukaryotic Cell Features: | Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, Organelles, Cytoskeleton |
| Nucleus includes - | DNA, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, and nuclear pores |
| DNA - | The genetic material of all organisms; composed of two complementary chains of nucleotides wound in a double helix |
| Ribosomes - | The molecular machine that carries out protein synthesis; contains mRNA, tRNA, rRNA , and proteins |
| Endomembrane System - | A system of connected membranous compartments found in eukaryotic cells |
| Endoplasmic reticulum - | Internal membrane system that forms a netlike array of channels and interconnections within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. |
| The two compartments of the endoplasmic reticulum: | Rough ER and smooth ER |
| Golgi apparatus - | A collection of flattened stacks of membranes in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells; functions in collection, packaging, and distribution of molecules synthesized in the cell |
| Lysosomes - | A membrane-bounded vesicle containing digestive enzymes that is produced by the golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells. They destroy cells or foreign matter from phagocytosis |
| Peroxisomes - | a microbody that plays an important role in the breakdown of highly oxidative hydrogen peroxide by catalase. |
| Proteosomes - | a large, cylandrical cellular organelle that degrades proteins marked with ubiquitin |
| ubiquitin - | a small protein that acts like a tag or signal |
| Vacuoles (found in plant cells) - | a membrane-bounded sac in the cytoplasm of some cells, used for storage or digestion purposes in different kinds of cells; plant cells often contain a large central vacuole that stores water, proteins, and waste materials. |
| Types of vacuoles: | Central vacuole, Contractile vacuole (in some fungi and protists), Storage vacuoles |
| Mitochondria – | the organelle called the powerhouse of the cell.. generates ATP, consists of an outer membrane, an inner membrane (cristae) that supports electron transport and chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP, and a soluble matrix containing citric acid cycle enzymes |
| Chlorophyll - | the primary type of light-absorbing pigment in photosynthesis |
| Thylakoids - | an organized internal membrane composed of flattened disks, which contain the photosystems involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis |
| Grana - | stacks of thylakoids |
| Endosymbiosis - | theory that proposes that eukaryotic cells evolved from a symbiosis between different species of prokaryotes |
| Cytoskeleton - | a network of protein microfilaments and microtubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that maintains the shape of the cell, anchors its organelles, and is involved in animal cell motility |
| Actin filaments (Microfilaments) - | Smallest diameter of the three cytoskeletal elements; involved in cell motility and, along with myosin, part of myofilaments |
| Microtubules - | in eukaryotic cells; a long, hollow protein cylinder, composed of the protein tubulin; these influence cell shape, move the chromosomes in cell division, and provide the functional internal structure of cilia and flagella |
| Intermediate filaments - | an elaborate network in the cytoplasm of most cells |
| Centrosome - | Microtubule-organizing center |
| Molecular motors - | All eukaryotic cells must move materials from one place to another in the cytoplasm. Cells use the channels of the ER as an intracellular highway. Material can be moved using vesicles loaded with cargo moves along the cytoskeleton like it was a railroad t |
| Dynein(-)/kinesin (+) - | Kinesin binds vesicles to the motor protein kinesin. The dynactin complex, binds vesicles to the motor protein dynein. Cell-to-cell connections: |
| 3 Types of cell connections: | 1. Adhesive junctions 2. Septate / tight junctions 3. Communicating junctions |
| Vesicles - | can move along tracks from the cell body to the end of the cell. |
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