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chapter 4 and 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| hydrophilic | polar head(water loving) |
| Hydrophobic | non polar tail(water-fearing) |
| cholesterol | (animal cells) controls excessive fluidity |
| Glycolipids | lipids attached to carbohydrates |
| Glycoprotein | proteins attached to carbohydrates |
| Plasma membrane | separate internal environment from external environment to allow internal environment to maintain homeostasis |
| homeostasis | keep the same |
| what is a peripheral protein? | A protein that is associated with one side of membrane. |
| What is an integral protein? | Protein that spans the membrane and is embedded in the membrane. |
| What does a Channel protein do ? | protein that is involved with passage of solution through membrane substances simply move across membrane. |
| What does a carrier protein do? | This protein allows passage of solute by combing with it and helping it move across membrane. |
| solute | Substance that dissolves in solvent |
| solvent | Substance that can dissolve material (water) |
| What does a Enzymatic protein do? | Proteins that carry out metabolic reactions directly |
| cell recognition protein | glycoprprotein which protect body by helping body recognize when being invaded by pathogens. |
| carbohydrates attached to protein | glycoprotein |
| receptor protein | has a shape that allow certain molecule to bind. |
| Enzymatic protein | carry out metabolic reaction directly. |
| Selectively permeable | Regulate the passage of molecules in and out of cell |
| Aqua pores | special channels that allow water to cross membrane. |
| Diffusion | movement of molecules of a area of high concentration to area of low concentration. |
| Osmosis | movement of water through membrane |
| Isotonic | solute concentration is equal inside and outside of cell |
| Hypotonic | solution has lower concentration than inside of cell cell burst. |
| Hypertonic | Solution has higher solute concentration than inside of cell |
| Apoptosis | Programmed cell death; cell destruction |
| What causes substance enter and exit cell? | Carrier protein |
| What are the cell cycle steps? | G1, S, G2, Mitosis (M) |
| What happens during G1? | Growth |
| What happens during G2? | Growth and final preparations for division |
| What happens during the S phase? | DNA replication |
| What happens the Mitotic stage? | division of the nucleus, division of the cytoplasm |
| What are internal signals in the cell cycle? | Asks "Has cell followed normal sequence of stages?" and sends signals inside of cell to cause various events. |
| What are external signals in the cell cycle? | Asks "Should cell divide or not?" and responds to outer substances like growth hormones. |
| Facilitated transport | ATP is not required, neither molecule is lipid -soluble |
| Active transport | Referred to as a pump uses energy to move molecules |
| Macro molecules are transported into and out of cell by? | vesicle formation |
| Exocytosis | exiting cell |
| Endocytosis | entering cell |
| What are the three checkpoints? | G1, G2, M |
| What happens during G1 checkpoint? | Checks to see if cell is damaged. Apoptosis will occur if it is damaged. |
| What happens during G2 checkpoint? | Checks to see if DNA is replicated properly. Apoptosis if damaged and cannot be repaired. |
| What happens during M checkpoint? | Spindle assembly check point. |
| What is p53? | An important protein that stops the cell cycle after checking DNA. |
| What are proto-oncogenes? | Protein that promote the cell cycle and prevent apoptosis. The "gas pedal" to let cells continue cycle. |
| What happens if proto-oncogenes gets mutated? | They become "oncogenes" and ignore the stop signals. Continues to make damaged cells. |
| What are tumor suppressor genes? | Proteins that stop the cell cycle and promote apoptosis. "Brakes" of the cell cycle. |
| What happens if tumor suppressor genes are mutated? | The cells do not stop any damaged cells, and mistakes pass through easily. |
| What are the three types of endocytosis? | Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor- mediated endocytosis |
| Phagocytosis | Large, particle matter such as"food" molecules or viruses or whole cells |
| Pinocytosis | liquid small particles dissolve in liquid |
| Receptor mediated protein endocytosis | Type of pinocytosis that involves coated pi |
| Adhesion | Junction inter cellular filaments between cell (tight of hold together ) |
| Tight junction | junctions form impremeble barrier between cell(think stabled together or sewn) |
| Gap junction | plasma membrane channel are joined used to communicate (connected directly) |
| What is a diploid? | Cells that have two of each type of chromosome (2n) |
| What is a haploid? | Cells have half the diploid number of chromosome |
| How many human body cells | 46 in 23 pairs |
| How many cells are in human egg/sperm? | 23 or 1 member of each pair |
| Overview of Mitosis | - One 2n cells becomes two 2n cells - DNA replication produces duplicated chromosomes - sister chromatids are genetically identical - centromere dives and each chromatid becomes a daughter chromosome |
| What are the processes of mitosis in animal cells? | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
| What happens during prophase in mitosis? | Preparing stage: - nuclear membrane disappears, spindle fibers appear - chromatin condenses (chromosomes visible with two sister chromatids) - Centromeres attach to spindle fibers. |
| What happens during metaphase in mitosis? | Chromosomes line up at metaphase plate |
| What happens during anaphase in mitosis? | - Centromeres divide - sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles by fibers |
| What happens during telophase in mitosis? | - nuclear membrane reforms - spindle disappears - cytokinesis occurs |
| What is meiosis? | Occurs in the life cycle of sexually reproducing organisms, and reduces the number of chromosomes to create genetic variety. |
| What is crossing over? | A way to gain genetic recombination; when sister chromatids cross over one another and "trade" genes. |
| What happens in prophase 1 of meiosis? | - Synapsis, or crossing over, occurs - nuclear membrane breaks down |
| What happens in anaphase 1 of meiosis? | Homologous chromosomes separate and go through independent assortment into daughter cells. |
| What happens in anaphase 2 of meiosis? | Sister chromatids separate. |
| What is oogenesis? | Meiosis in females |
| What is spermatogenesis? | Meiosis in males |
| True or False: Mitosis and meiosis are both used in the human life cycle | True |
| What happens in spermatogenesis? | - occurs in testes at puberty - Primary spermatocytes (2n) divide to form two secondary spermatocytes (1n) |
| What happens in the meiosis 1 oogenesis process? | - Begins in the fetus (before birth) - Stopped in prophase 1 - At puberty, ONE primary oocyte goes through meiosis with each menstrual cycle - Primary oocyte (2n) divides to make secondary oocyte and one POLAR BODY; this is unequal |
| What happens in the meiosis 2 oogenesis process? | - ONLY occurs if oocyte is fertilized - another unequal division (egg gaining more cytoplasm) creates a second polar body |
| If a secondary oocyte is not fertilized, it .... | disintegrates |
| How many potential eggs are there in oogenesis? | One |
Created by:
GraceMoore123
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