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BIOL 1406 CH 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Functional Group - | a molecular group attached to a hydrocarbon that confers chemical properties or reactivities |
| Isomer - | one of a group of molecules identical in atomic composition but differing in structural arrangement; for example, glucose and fructose |
| Structural isomers - | differ in the actual carbon skeleton |
| Stereoisomers - | differ in the spatial arrangement of the groups attached to a carbon skeleton |
| Enantiomers - | mirror image molecules |
| Glucose - | C6H12O6 |
| Macromolecules: | Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids |
| Polymer - | A molecule composed of many similar or identical molecular subunits; starch is a polymer of glucose. |
| Monomer - | The smallest chemical subunit of a polymer. The monosaccharide α-glucose is the monomer found in plant starch, a polysaccharide. |
| Dehydration reaction - | formation of polymer, removal of water |
| Hydrolysis - | breakdown of polymer, addition of water |
| Monosaccharides - | a simple sugar that can’t be decomposed into smaller sugar molecules |
| Disaccharides - | a carbohydrate formed of two simple sugar molecules bonded covalently |
| Polysaccharide - | a carbohydrate composed of many monosaccharide sugar subunits linked together in a long chain; examples are glycogen, starch, and cellulose. |
| Protein functions include: | Enzyme catalysis, defense, transport, support, motion, regulation, storage |
| Amino Acid - | the subunit structure from which proteins are produced, consisting of a central carbon atom with a carboxyl group, an amino group, a hydrogen, and a side group; only the side group differs from one amino acid to another |
| Polypeptide - | a molecule consisting of many joined amino acids; not usually as complex as a protein |
| Types of R groups: | Nonpolar, Polar uncharged, Charged, Aromatic, Unique |
| Peptide Bond - | the type of bond that links amino acids together in proteins through a dehydration reaction |
| The form of a protein determines its | functions |
| Levels of proteins structure: | Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary |
| Tertiary structure is stabilized by: | Hydrophobic regions, Ionic bonds btw R groups, Disulfide bonds (cysteine) |
| Chaperone Proteins - | a class of enzymes that help proteins fold into the correct configuration and can refold proteins that have been misfolded or denatured |
| Heat Shock Proteins | a protein that acts as a molecular chaperone |
| Denaturation - | the loss of the native configuration of a protein or nucleic acid as a result of excessive heat, extremes of pH, chemical modification, or changes in solvent ionic strength or polarity that disrupt hydrophobic interactions; usually accompanied by loss of |
| Renaturation | when a protein may spontaneously refold into its natural shape, driven by the interactions between its nonpolar aminoacids and water |
| Dissociation - | in proteins, the reversible separation of protein subunits from a quaternary structure without alterinf their tertiary structure |
| Nucleic Acid - | A nucleotide polymer; chief types aew DNA, which is double-stranded, and RNA, which is typically single stranded |
| nucleotide - | a single unit of nucleic acid, composed of a phosphate, a five-carbon sugar, and a purine or a pyrimidine |
| phosphodiester bonds - | bonds that connect nucleotides |
| Purines - | adenine and guanine |
| Pyrimidines - | thymine, cytosine, uracil |
| complimentary strands - | apples on trees, cars in garages (AT, CG) |
| DNA versus RNA | DNA is double stranded, deoxyribose, and has thymine. RNA is single stranded, ribonucleic, and has uracil. |
| Many Roles of RNA | RNA carries info in the form of messenger RNA, is part of the ribosome in the form of ribosomal RNA, and carries amino acids in the form of transfer RNA |
| ATP - | adenosine triphosphate |
| Lipids - | a nonpolar hydrophobic organic molecule that is invaluable in water but dissolves readily in nonpolar organic solvents; includes fats, oils, waxes, steroids, phospholipids, and carotenoids. |
| Triglycerides - | an individual fat molecule, composed of a glycerol and three fatty acids |
| Types of fatty acids: | Saturated, Unsaturated, Trans fats - synthetic |
| Other lipids : | Steroids |
| The two types of isomers: | structural isomers and stereoisomers |
| Carbs ex: | starch, glycogen (animal starch), cellulose, chitin |
| Proteins ex: | functional and structural |
| Nucleic acids ex: | DNA and RNA |
| Lipids: | fats, phospholipids, prostagladins, steroids, terpenes |
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