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Lecture 3
The Bacterial Pathogens
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| describe the structure of bacteria | a matrix that is composed of water, enzymes, nutrients, waste, and gas. it contains the cell structure (ribosome, chromosome, plasmid). the cell envelope encases the cytoplasm. it does not have a membrane enclosed nucleus. |
| why is bacteria prokaryotic? | is has a lack of membrane bound nucleus and other internal structures making it unicellular |
| what is a plasmid? | the accessory ring of DNA that often carries resistant genes to antibodies |
| what are three different shapes of bacteria? | 1. Spherical (cocci) 2. Rod-shaped (Bacilli) 3. (Spiral-shaped (and others) |
| describe the gram-stain | the gram stain shows preliminary identification of bacteria type |
| what are the properties of gram-positive bacteria? | cell walls have thick layer of peptidoglycan (binds stain) |
| what are the properties of gram-negative bacteria? | have thinner layer of peptidoglycan that is covered by a membrane (dos not bind stain) |
| is the gram negative or gram positive bacteria more difficult to treat? why? | Gram negative because the layer is thinner and there is two plasma membranes |
| how does bacteria evolve? | bacteria can arise from adaptations in response to environmental changes or the immune response of the host. This can happen rapidly |
| what is horizontal gene transfer? | when bacteria can exchange plasmid DNA with other bacteria |
| what are the three modes of horizontal gene transfer? | Transformation (gene foes to plasmid/chromosome), Conjugation (exchange of genetic material), and Transduction (transfer by verbal delivery) |
| what are two properties that plasmid can transfer to bacteria? | dna and nucleic acid |
| what are three different types of virulence factors | 1. Toxins 2. Adhesion factors 3. invasive factors |
| definition of toxins | bacteria make tetanus toxin that causes muscles to contracts |
| definition of adhesion factors | allows bacteria to bind and infect cells |
| definition of invasive factors | allows spread through organisms |
| examples of some bacterial diseases? | Tuberculosis, Leprosy, Anthrax, and Chlamydia |
| what different type of diseases can streptomyces pygenes cause?what is the reason for these different diseases? | 1. Strep throat, sepsis, and meningitis 2. the diseases are caused depending on the bacterial strains (bacterial growth in blood, inflammation of membranes surrounding brain) |
| what is tuberculosis? | a serious infectious diseases that mainly effects the lungs (bacterial) |
| what are two different reasons tuberculosis is still problematic? | 1. poor hygiene 2. lack of fresh water |
| what is the plague? | An infectious disease that is deadly if it is not treated right away |
| what are three types of different types of plague? | 1. Bubonic 2. septicaemic 3. Pneumonic |
| how is the bubonic plague spread? | It was originated in rats and spread to humans from the fleas from the rats |
| what impact did the bubonic plague have on history? | The outbreak wiped out 30-50% of Europes population. This causing the continent 200 years to recover |
| what are two different reasons bacteria is becoming resistant to antibiotics? | 1. bacteria exchange genes that allow antibiotic resistance 2. misuse of antibiotics encourage mutations to arise that cause antibiotic resistance |
| what are three different reasons for vaccine avoidance? | 1. developing nations cannot afford or do not enforce 2. Anti-vaccine groups 3. autism scare |
| provide three different examples of bacteria being beneficial to humans and or the ecosystem? | 1. bacteria are decomposers of the ecosystem to recycle nutrients 2. bacteria is used to make food, beverages, and medicinal drugs 3. human microbiome needed for health |
Created by:
anna durda
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