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Lecture 2
Pathogen overview
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Before the invention of microscopes, what was thought to cause disease? | it was thought that miasma caused diseases. (poisonous air) |
| who first saw bacteria and fungi under a microscope? | Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |
| what were some of the contributions of Pasteur and koch to the golden era of microbiology? | pasteur disproved spontaneous generation, showed the immunization technique. koch discovered the germ theory of diseases, pure cultures, and micro bacterium tuberculae |
| when were viruses visualized? | in the 1930s |
| what type of microscopes were needed to see viruses? | electron microscope |
| what is koch's first postulate? | 1. the causative agent must be absent from all healthy organisms but present in all diseased organisms |
| what are some examples of pathogens that don't go with koch's postulates? | Viruses can't go with koch's postulates because they can't be grown alone in a cell free culture |
| what does it mean to grown in culture? | To take the materials and grow it ( nutrients that is needed to grow) |
| can all pathogens be grown in culture? why or why not? | no because some pathogens are low in abundance and grow to slow which can make them miss cultivation |
| what is the difference between direct and indirect disease transmission methods? | Direct transmission is person to person while indirect transmission is transferred by intermediate to host |
| what are two direct transmission methods? | 1. blood/body fluid exchange 2. skin to skin contact |
| what are five indirect methods? | 1. air- born 2. vector-borne 3. water-borne 4 .food-borne 5. vehicle-borne |
| Air-borne method | bacteria or viruses that are most commonly transmitted through small respiratory droplets. droplets are expelled when someone sneezes, coughs, or laughs |
| Vector-borne method | when an insect or animal carries pathogen from one host to another |
| water-borne method | caused by recreational or drinking water contaminated by disease-causing microbes or pathogens. |
| food-borne method | when people fail to wash their hands properly after using the toilet, before eating, touching their hands to their mouth or handling food |
| vehicle-borne method | indirect transmission process during which the pathogen is indirectly transferred from a source or host to another host by inanimate vehicle objects |
| what is a fomite? | inanimate objects that carry and spread disease and infectious agents |
| what are some examples of animal vectors? | some animal vectors are birds, bats, mosquitos, and fleas |
| what is an example of a pathogen that is transmitted by all seven methods? | viruses |
| definition of endemic | diseases that persist at a moderate/steady state level in a geographic area |
| definition of epidemic | unusually high number of disease cases in a population |
| definition of pandemic | worldwide epidemic |
| what are some diseases responsible for the largest epidemics/pandemics death tolls in history? which are caused by viruses? by bacteria? | 1. The Bubonic Plague, smallpox, the Spanish flu 2. Smallpox, the Spanish flu 3. The Bubonic Plague |
| what are some examples of newly emerging and re-emerging pathogens? | 1. Newly emerging: Bourbon virus, Nipah virus, and Ebola virus 2. Re-emerging: yellow fever, West Nile virus, and measles |
| definition of bioterrorism | the use of biological agent to harm a population |
| what are some examples of bioterrorism in history? | 1. anthrax letter attacks (anthrax) 2. contamination of salad bars with salmonella (salmonella) |
| what are some agents that have or could be used for bioterrorism? | 1. Anthrax (bacterial) 2. smallpox (Viral) |
| what is koch's second postulate? | 2. the causative agent must be isolated from the diseased organism and grown in pure culture |
| what is koch's third postulate? | 3. the cultured agent must cause the same disease when inoculated into healthy, susceptible organism |
| what is koch's fourth postulate? | the same causative agent must then be preisolated from the inoculated, diseased organism |
Created by:
anna durda
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