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UNIT 2
Inheritance, Chromosomes, Genes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are Genetic Traits? | any inherited characteristic of an organism that can observed or detected |
| What are Invariant Traits? | traits that are the same in all individuals of a species |
| What are Variant Traits? | traits that differ among individuals of the same species |
| What are physical traits? | easily observable traits |
| What is an example of a physical trait? | tongue rolling |
| What are biomedical traits? | hidden, but measured, traits |
| What is an example of a biomedical trait? | metabolic rate |
| What are behavioral triats? | stubbornness |
| What is a Gene? | the basic unit of information affecting a genetic trait |
| What are Alleles? | Different versions of a given gene |
| What is an example of Allele? | Tongue rolling or not |
| What is a mutation? | any change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene |
| What is a Phenotype? | physical expression of a gene(s) |
| What is a Genotype? | the alleles of the gene(s) |
| What does dominant mean? | the allele that is expressed when there are two copies of it |
| What does recessive mean? | the allele that is expressed only when there are two identical copies of it. |
| What does homozygous consist of? | consist of two copies of the same allele |
| What is an example of homozygous dominant? | BB |
| What is an example of homozygous recessive? | bb |
| What does heterozygous consist of? | consists of one dominant allele and one recessive allele |
| What is an example of heterozygous? | Bb |
| Who was Gregor Mendel? | Performed genetic crossing |
| What is genetic crossing? | Controlled mating experiments that determine how traits are inherited |
| What does the P generation or parent generation consist of? | Homozygous dominant and recessive (PP, pp) |
| What does F1 generation (first filial) consist of? | Offspring are all heterozygous (Pp) |
| What does F2 generation (second filial) consist of? | Offspring are PP, Pp, pp |
| What does the law of segregation help predict? | How a single trait will be inherited |
| What does the law of independent assortment help predict? | How multiple traits will be inherited |
| What are mendelian traits? | traits controlled by a single gene and unaffected by environmental conditions |
| What is incomplete dominance? | when neither allele is able to exert its full effect |
| What is codominance? | when the effect of the two alleles is equally visible in the phenotype of heterozygote |
| What is an example of codominance? | gum color in dogs (pp, PP, Pp) |
| What are complex traits? | cannot be predicted by Mendel's laws of inheritance |
| What are the three types of complex traits? | Pleiotropy, Polygenic, epistasis |
| What is pleiotropy? | when a single gene influences a number of different traits |
| What are polygenic traits? | single traits controlled by more than one gene |
| What is epistasis? | occurs when the phenotypic effect of a gene's allele depends on the presence of alleles for another independently inherited gene |
| What is an example of a polygenic trait? | hair, eye, skin color |
| What is an example of epistasis? | Dog coat color |
| Which of the following is a stretch of DNA coding for a single protein? | gene |
| Which of the following is the entire genome of an individual? | genotype |
| Each trait in the above is represented by how many genetic letters? | two |
| What does the chromosome theory explain? | the mechanism of the laws of segregation and independent assortment |
| When the effect of the two alleles is equally visible in the phenotype of the heterozygote, the pair of alleles shows which mode of inheritance? | codominance |
| When a genotype is depicted as "BB," what phenotype would it express? | Homozygous dominant |
| What is a genetic disorder? | a disease caused by an inherited mutation in a gene, passed down from a parent to a child |
| What does a pedigree chart show? | genetic relationships among family members over two or more generations of a family's medical history |
| What are sex chromosomes? | one of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes that determine if the person is male or female |
| What are autosome? | all other chromosomes |
| What is a karyotype? | a photograph of a cell's chromosomes during mitosis |
| Human females have two copies of what chromosomes? | X |
| Human male chromosomes consist of what? | XY |
| What is chromosomal abnormality? | any change in the chromosome number or structure compared to what is typical for a species |
| What is a Locus/loci? | the physical location of a gene on a chromosome |
| What is the SRY gene? | Sex-determining Region of Y |
| What does the SRY gene determine? | growing embryo will be a male or not |
| What are genetic carriers? | individuals who have only one copy of a recessive allele |
| What do genetic carries do? | pass on disorder allele, do not have the disease |
| Who are likely to be affected by both dominant and recessive genetic disorders on autosomes? | both sexes |
| What does gene therapy do? | a technique for correcting defective genes responsible for disease development |
| What genetic mutation has occurred when a piece of DNA has moved from one chromosome to a different nonhomologous chromosome? | translocation |
| In humans, on which chromosome is the master gene that determines the sex of an individual with help from other genes it controls? | Y chromosome |
| Scientists use a pedigree for what purpose? | to learn about the inheritance of a trait within a family |
| Choose the correct statement: a. Boys inherit their X from their dad. b. Boys inherit their Y from their mom. c. Girls inherit both Xs from their mom. d. Girls inherit an X from their mom and an X from their dad. | Girls inherit an X from their mom and an X from their dad |
| DNA is a huge double-stranded molecule made up of what? | nucleotides |
| Each nucleotide is composed of what? | a sugar, phosphate group and one of four bases |
| What are the four bases? | Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine |
| What link nucleotide base pairs together? | Hydrogen bonds |
| A always pairs with | T |
| C always pairs with | G |
| What is complementary base-pairing? | the sequence of base pairs on one strand which determines the sequence on the other strand |
| If the DNA sequence is GTTCA what is its new strand? | CAAGT |
| What is the CRISPR-Cas9 system? | clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats |
| What does the CRISPR do? | natural defense mechanism in bacteria |
| What are nucleosomes? | double-stranded DNA wrapped around histone proteins |
| What do chromatin fibers do? | make chromosomes more compact |
| DNA Replication occurs when? | before mitosis, embryo is developing, cell becomes cancerous and virus hijacks cell machinery |
| What are the three steps of DNA replication? | unwind/break, copy template, semiconservative replication |
| Which is the correct pairing of nitrogenous bases of deoxyribonucleotides inside a DNA double-helix strand? | A to T |
| How is the number of mutations minimized in the daughter DNA molecules of semiconservative replication? | both A and B |
| Which of the following is the best description of PCR? an artificial way to correct mutations in a gene a quick method of sequencing the nucleotides in a DNA molecule fast, artificial DNA replication an artificial way to edit the genome of an organism | fast, artificial DNA replication |
| Which of the following is the correct order of compaction from least compact to most compact in a chromosome? | naked DNA, nucleosome, beads on a string, chromatin fiber, chromosome |
| The CRISPR method for genome editing uses a system made up of what molecules? guide RNAs and Cas9 proteins guide proteins and Cas9 RNAs guide DNA and RNA caspase proteins and target DNA | guide RNAs and Cas9 proteins |
| What can PCR/Polymerase Chain Reaction do? | amplify small amounts of DNA more than a millionfold |
| What are point mutations? | when only a single base is altered in a sequence |
| What are the three types of point mutation? | substitution, insertion, deletion |
| What does biopharming do? | manufacturing vaccine proteins in plants |
| What is gene expression? | the process by which genes are transcribed into RNA then translated to make proteins |
| What does the first step of gene expression, Transcription, do? | DNA is converted to information in RNA |
| What does the second step of gene expression, Translation, do? | Information in RNA is converted into the order of amino acids in a protein |
| What does transcription require? | RNA polymerase enzyme and promoter |
| From DNA to RNA, A is changed to what instead of T? | U |
| Transcription stops when the RNA polymerase reads through a special sequence of bases called a what? | terminator |
| RNA splicing completes the mRNA through... | cutting introns and putting exons together |
| Translation requires what? | Ribosomes. mRNA, tRNA |
| DNA --> RNA --> Protein | Replication --> Transcription --> Translation |
| What are the steps of transcription? | binds, unzips, makes mRNA, RNA stops polymerizing |
| What are the steps of translation? | scans for start codon, binds, links, continues until it reaches stop codon |
| What three types of RNA are required for Translation? | mRNA, rRNA, tRNA |
| What are the 3 properties of the Genetic Code? | unambiguous, universal, redundant |
| UAA, UAG, and UGA are all what type of codons? | stop codons |
| What is a frameshift? | a point mutation insertion or deletion in an mRNA codon |
| Gene regulation consist of what? | change genes based on environmental factors, turn genes on/off, up or down regulate gene expression |
| Which of the following is the best and most basic description of what gene expression is? | the process in which the protein coded for by a gene in the DNA is converted to that specific protein |
| How is RNA different from DNA? a. RNA has only one strand instead of two b. RNA has uracil instead of thymine c. RNA uses the information held in the DNA d. All of the above | all of the above |
| Many amino acids have several codons specific for them in the genetic code. This property is called what? | redundancy |
| What does gene regulation allow a cell to do? | enables cell to change which gene and how much a gene is expressed |
| At what step during gene expression are introns removed from RNA molecules? | RNA splicing |
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kaylajmccubbins
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