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Cell Biology, #1
Basic concepts, Introduction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Prokaryotic cells | Cells that contain no membrane bound organelles and exist as independent units of life (no multicellular prokaryotes) |
| Eukaryotic cells | Cells that contain membrane bound organelles, including a nucleus where the genetic material is located. |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | (also called ER) One of the many eukaryotic organelles that participates in protein and lipid production. |
| Plasma membrane | They layer that surrounds the cell and ensures compartmentalization. It is composed of lipids and proteins. |
| Carbon compounds | Compounds that always contain carbon and often contain oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen and make up the molecules of life. |
| Organic compound | A large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. |
| Hydroxyl group | OH (when connected to an organic molecule it makes it an alcohol) |
| Alcohol | Any organic compound in which a hydroxyl group (OH) is bound to a carbon atom of an alkyl (C+H arranged in a chain) or substituted alkyl group. |
| Alkyl | C and H atoms arranged in a chain. |
| Aldehydes | Organic compounds containing a terminal carbonyl group. |
| Carbonyl group | A functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom C=O |
| Functional group | A specific group of atoms within molecules that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. |
| Ketones | Compounds which contain a carbonyl group C=O bonded to two other carbon atoms in the form R1(CO)R2 |
| Carboxylic acid | Organic acid characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group which has the formula C(=O)OH, usually written -COOH or CO2H |
| Organic acid | An organic compound with acidic properties |
| Amines | Organic compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair. They are derivatives of NH3 where one or more H's have been replaced with organic substitutes (alkyl/aryl). |
| How do amines behave in water? | They combine with an H+ ion to become positively charged |
| Amides | Organic functional group characterized by a carbonyl group (C=O) linked to a nitrogen atom. Any organic compound derived by the replacement of a hydroxyl group by an amino group. |
| How are amides formed? | By combining an acid and an amine. |
| How do amides behave in the presence of water? | They are uncharged and therefore do not react in water as opposed to amines. |
| C-O compounds | Alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, and carboxylic acid are all examples of biological compounds with a carbon bonded to an oxygen. |
| C-N compounds | Amines and amides are two important examples of nitrogen-containing compounds. Nitrogen also occurs in several ring compounds, including important constituents of nucleic acids: purines and pyramidines |
| Macromolecules | Cells and organelles are made of very large molecules called macromolecules. They are usually made of small building blocks called monomers. |
| Monomers | The small building blocks that make up macromolecules and are linked together to make polymers. (Sugars, fatty acids, amino acids and nucleotides) |
| Polymers | Structures formed through the linkage between monomer subunits. (polysaccharides, fats/lipids/membranes, proteins, nucleic acids) |
| Condensation | A chemical reaction in which two molecules or moieties (functional groups) combine to form a single molecule through the loss of a water molecule. |
| Hydrolysis | A chemical reaction during which one or more water molecules are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which participate in further reactions--the separation of polymers into their monomer building blocks with the addition of water. |
| Sugars | Monomers composed of carbon and water-"carbohydrates" with the formula C(H2O)n. Most have the suffix "-ose" They can form rings, like glucose. |
| Monosaccharides | Sugar monomers-the most basic unit of carbohydrates. In aqueous solution the aldehyde or ketone group tends to react with a hydroxyl group of the same molecule thereby closing it into a ring. They have the general formula C(H2O)n. |
| Aldoses | Sugars that contain an aldehyde group |
| Ketoses | Sugars that contain a ketone group. |
| Disaccharides | Polymers of sugar can contain different types of monomeric sugars and when linked in pairs the result is a dimer of sugar. (ex. glucose is connected to fructose to produce sucrose). |
| How are disaccharides formed? | The carbon that carries the aldehyde or ketone can react with any hydroxyl group on a second sugar molecule to form a disaccharide. |
| Fatty Acids | A type of lipid that contains a charged carboxylic group attached to a long hydrocarbon tail. |
Created by:
YaelNoa
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