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Harrison-Chapter1
An Intro to the Human Body
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is anatomy? | the study of structure |
| What is physiology? | the study of function of body parts |
| What often determines the function of a part? | the structure |
| What is the correct anatomical position? | body upright facing observer arms at side palms facing forward (supinated) |
| superior | toward head or above another structure |
| inferior | away from head or below another structure |
| ventral | belly side |
| dorsal | back side |
| anterior | that part which goes first |
| when does anterior = ventral? | only in bipeds |
| posterior | that part which follows |
| medial | toward mid-line |
| lateral | away from mid-line |
| ipsilateral | on the same side of body |
| contra lateral | on opposite sides of body |
| proximal | nearer to point of attachment of an extremity to trunk nearer to point of reference (origin) |
| distal | further from attachment of an extremity to trunk further from point of reference (origin) |
| superficial | toward surface of body; more internal |
| deep | away from the surface of the body more internal |
| plane | imaginary flat surface |
| section | flat surface resulting from a cut made through the structure |
| sagittal plane | section resulting from a plane that divides the body into right and left portions |
| midsagittal plane | a sagittal plane that lies along the mid-line |
| parasagittal plane | a sagittal plane that is offset from mid-line |
| frontal (coronal) plane | a section resulting from a plane that divides body into front and back (anterior and posterior) |
| transverse (cross) (xs) | section resulting from a plane that divides body into superior and inferior portions along a horizontal plane (right angle to the length) |
| What are the 3 major body cavities? | dorsal ventral abdominopelvic |
| Describe the dorsal cavity | back side - formed by the cranium and vertebrae |
| What makes up the dorsal cavity? | cranial cavity - contains brain vertebral (spinal) cavity - contains spinal cord |
| Describe the ventral cavity | belly side - organs inside are collectively called viscera, lined with serous membrane |
| what are the serious membranes that line the organs in the ventral cavity? | peritoneum pleura pericardium |
| What does the pleural cavity contain? | lungs (parietal and visceral pleura) |
| What does the mediastinum contain? | mass of soft tissue between the lungs from sternum to vertebral column (doesn't include lungs or bones) |
| What are the 3 parts of the mediastinum and what do they contain? | anterior - thymus mediastinum - heart in pericardial cavity posterior - esophagus, trachea, aorta |
| What does the abdominopelvic cavity contain? | the abdominal the pelvic |
| describe the abdominopelvic cavity | lined with parietal and visceral peritoneum (diaphragm divides the thoracic from abdominopelvic) |
| what is the pelvic? | everything below an imaginary line from pubic symphysis to sacral promontory |
| homeostasis | maintain stable internal environment |
| what is our primary mechanism of control? | negative feedback |
| what affects homeostasis | homeostasis is continually disturbed by stressors that create imbalance in extra-cellular fluid |
| what is extracellular fluid | ECF - 1/3 of body fluid plasma interstitial - tissue, intercellular fluid lymph |
| negative feedback | response (output) reverses stimulus (input=stressor) |
| positive feedback | response enhances (intensifies) stimulus |
| what are 2 examples of positive feedback | labor contractions and blood clotting |
| pathology | disease conditions that result when homeostasis is disrupted |
| how does conventional x-ray/radiography work? | ionizing radiation directed through body tissues absorb radiation according to densities |
| which medical imaging method is most economical? | conventional x-rays |
| what are some drawbacks to x-rays? | sometimes image not so clear or overlap of images |
| examples of x-ray uses | mammography, bone densitometry, angiography, intravenous urography and barium contrast x-ray |
| how does CT (CAT) scan work? | uses a series of x-rays arcing body computer reconstructs image of cross section into multiple slices (tomograms) |
| what does CAT stand for? | computerized axial tomography |
| what are CAT scans used for? | to detect strokes, aneurysms, cancers, infections that conventional x-rays cant |
| what is a drawback to a CAT scan? | can only obtain cross sections |
| how does digital subtraction angiography (DSA) work? | x-rays taken before and after injecting a contrast medium into an artery computer subracts before image from after image eliminating body structures that obscure blood vessels |
| what is digital subtraction angiography (DSA) used for? | to detect blockages in arteries that supply the heart wall and brain |
| how do MRIs work? | uses low energy radio waves with strong magnetic field patient in a tunnel shaped magnet that is 3000x and it aligns protons in atoms of cells cells wobble when resonance has been achieved |
| what are some drawbacks to MRIs? | cost is 2x that of CAT scans cannot be used on patients with metal has not been tested that it is free risk cannot be used on pregnate women |
| what are some advantages to MRIs? | not limited to transverse sections; sagittal/frontal sections also obtained can detect tumors more readily than CAT also be used to detect clogged arteries, mental disorders, and brain damage |
| how does a PET scan work? | short lived radioisotopes attached to a molecule are injected into blood and patient is put in scanner radioisotopes create gamma rays that are detected |
| what does PET stand for? | positron emission tomography |
| how does an ultrasound work? | used high frequency sound waves |
| how does radionuclide scanning work? | uses gamma ray emitting, radioactive substance which is detected by a camera |
| how does an endoscopy work? | a small lighted camera is placed inside a body cavity so that a visual examination can be done |
Created by:
mastrgurl
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