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8-61 Definitions
APES Unit2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Disturbance | An event, caused by physical, chemical, or biological agents, resulting in changes in population size or community composition. |
| Watershed | All land in a given landscape that drains into a particular stream, lake, river, or wetland. |
| Resistance | A measure of how a disturbance affects the flow of energy and matter in a ecosystem |
| Resilience | The rate in which it will take for an ecosystem to return to its original state after a disturbance. |
| Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis | A theory in which ecosystems that experience intermediate levels of disturbances have more diversity than those with high or low levels of disturbances |
| Species Richness | The number of species in a given ecosystem |
| Species Evenness | The spread of individuals within the different species in an area. |
| Phylogeny | Branching Pattern of evolutionary relationships. |
| Evolution | A change in the genetic makeup of a population over time |
| Microevolution | Evolution below the species level |
| Macroevolution | Evolution which causes new species , genera, families, classes, or phyla. |
| Gene | A specific location on the chromosome within each cell of an organism |
| Genotype | A complete set of genes in an individual |
| Phenotype | Set of traits expressed in an individual |
| Mutation | Random change in the genetic code , made by mistake in the coping process |
| Recombination | One chromosome breaks off and attaches itself to another chromosome during reproductive cell division |
| Artificial Selection | Humans determining which individuals reproduce for a desired set of traits |
| Natural Selection | Environment selecting which individuals survive and reproduce |
| Random Processes | Mutation, Gene Flow, Genetic drift, bottleneck effect, and founders effect. |
| Examples of Provisioning Services | Meat , Food , Water, Lumber, Fuel , Grain |
| Examples of Regulating Services | Water Purification, Flood Control, Erosion Control, Air Purification, Climate Control |
| Examples of Supporting Services | Pollination, Habitat, Primary Production, Biodiversity, Nutrient Cycling |
| Example of Cultural Services | Spiritual, Inspiration, Recreation, Education, Aesthetic Beauty |
| Fitness | Individual's ability to survive and reproduce. |
| Adaptation | Trait that improves fitness |
| Gene Flow | Individuals move from one population to another and thereby altering the genetic composition of both populations. |
| Genetic Drift | Change in the genetic composition of a population over time as a result of random mating |
| Bottleneck Effect | Reduction in the genetic diversity of a population caused by a reduction in its size |
| Extinction | no ones alive lil bro |
| Founder Effect | Change in genetic composition of a population resulting from a small number of colonizing individuals |
| Range of Tolerance | Limits to the abiotic conditions that a species can can tolerate. |
| Fundamental Niche | Suite of abiotic conditions under which a species can survive , grow, and reproduce |
| Realized Niche | Range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives |
| Distribution | Areas of the world in which a species lives |
| Niche Generalist | Species that can thrive in a wide variety of abiotic and biotic conditions |
| Niche Specialists | Species that can only survive in a small number of biotic and abiotic conditions |
| Mass Extiction | everyone dies in a small period of time |
| Tragedy of the Commons | The tendency of a shared resource to be overused due to people acting in self interest for short term gain |
| Externality | Cost or benefit of a good/service that isn't included in the purchase price of that good/service |
| Maximum sustainable yield | Max amount of a renewable resource that can be harvested without compromising the availability of that resource in the future. |
| Resource Conservation ethic | Belief that people should max out a resource for the greater good of all. |
| Multiple Use Lands | Lands that can be used for recreation, grazing, timber harvesting , and mineral extraction |
| Threated Species | Another name for endangered species |
| Near Threatened Species | Another name for near-endangered species |
| Least-Concerned Species | Species that are very abundant and wide-spread |
| Intrist Value | Value independent from humans |
| Instrumental Value | Worth like an instrument or tool that can be used to accomplish a goal |
| Provision | Goods that humans can use directly |
| Well-being | Status of being healthy, happy, and prosperous |
| Economics | Study of how humans allocate scare resources in the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services |
| GPI | Measure of economics with the environment included |
| Tech Transfer | 3rd World Countries adopting tech innovations made in more advanced countries |
| Leapfrogging | 3rd World countries using new tech without using older tech |
| Natural Capital | Resources of the planet; water, air minerals |
| Human Capital | Human knowledge and abilities |
| Manufactured Capital | All goods and services humans make |
| Environmental Economics | Study of economics that examines cost and benefits of laws and regulation to reduce environmental degration |
| Ecological Economics | Study of economics as a component of ecological systems |
| Valuation | Practice of assigning monetary value to intangible benefits and natural capital |
| Ecological Succession | Predictable replacement of one group of species by another group over time. |
| Primary Succession | Ecological succession occurring on surfaces that are devoid of soil |
| Secondary Succession | Succession of plant life that occurs in areas that have been disturbed but have not lost their soil |
| Pioneer Species | Species that can colonize new areas rapidly and grow well in full sunshine |
| Theory of Island Biodiversity | Theory that demonstrates the dual importance of habitat size and distance in determining species richness |
| Marine Mammal Act | 1972 US Act to protect declining populations of marine animals |
| Convention on Biological Diversity | International treaty to help protect biodiversity |
| Edge habitat | Habitat that occurs where two different communities come together , typically forming an abrupt transition, grassy field meets forest |
| Biosphere reserve | Protected area consisting of zones that vary in the amount of permissible human impact. |
| Ocean Acidification | Process in which an increase in Ocean CO2 causes more CO2 to be converted to carbonic acid , which lowers the PH of the water |
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Yardy-
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