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The Eukaryotes
Ch.12 Microbiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the study of fungi called? | Mycology |
| What are molds? | Multicellular, filamentous organisms |
| What are some examples of molds? | Mildews, rusts, and smuts |
| What are fleshy fungi? | Includes mushrooms and puffballs |
| What are yeasts? | Unicellular fungi |
| What is mycrorrhizae? | A type of fungi that has a symbiotic relationship with plant roots. They help plants efficiently absorb minerals and water. |
| What are fungal filaments called and what do they form? | Fungal filaments are called hyphae and form the body called thallus of molds or fleshy fungi. |
| What are septa and what do they do? | Crosswalls in the hyphae; they divide molds into distinct, uninucleate cell-like units. |
| What are coenocytic hyphae? | They are hyphae that have no septa. |
| What is a mycelium? | A mass of hyphae; form when environmental conditions are suitable |
| What is the difference between vegetative hyphae and reproductive hyphae? | Vegetative hyphae are concerned with obtaining nutrients; reproductive hyphae are involved with reproduction |
| Can hyphae form new hyphae? | Yes, fragments of hyphae can elongate to form new hyphae. |
| What is budding? | A type of reproduction process; a protrusion on a parent cell's outer surface. When the protrusion elongates, the parent cell's nucleus divides, and one nucleus migrates to the protrusion. |
| What happens if budding isn't completed? | If daughter cells do not detach immediately, they form a short chain, a pseudohypha. |
| How do yeasts produce their energy? | They are facultative anaerobes; this allows them to survive in various environments. |
| How will yeasts produce their energy if given access to oxygen? | They will perform aerobic respiration to metabolize carbohydrates into carbon dioxide. Denied oxygen = fermentation |
| What is dimorphism? | Some fungi can grow either as a mold or a yeast. There is always a condition in which they change such as temperature or CO2 concentration. |
| Give an example of dimorphism. | Pathogenic fungi are usually dimorphic. At 37C, the fungus is yeastlike, and at 25C, it is moldlike. |
| What is an asexual spore and what are the different types of asexual spores? | Asexual spores arise from one organism only. Arthrospores, chlamydospores, sporangiophore, conidiospores, and blastoconidia. |
| What is a sexual spore and what are the different types of sexual spores? | They result from the fusion of nuclei from two opposite mating strains. |
| What is the first step of fungal sexual reproduction and what is it called? | 1. A haploid nucleus of a donor cell (+) penetrates the cytoplasm of a recipient cell (-) called plasmogamy. |
| What is the second step of fungal sexual reproduction and what is it called? | 2. The (+) and (-) nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote nucleus called karyogamy |
| What is the third step of fungal sexual reproduction? | 3. The diploid nucleus gives rise to haploid nuclei (sexual spores), some of which may be genetic recombinants. |
| What is a conidiospore? | A uni or multicellular spore that is not enclosed in a sac. |
| Where is a conidiospore produced? | Produced in a chain at the end of an aerial (reproductive) hyphae. |
| What is an arthroconidia? | A conidiospore (or conidia) produced by the fragmentation of a septate hypha into single, slightly thickened cells. |
| What is a blastoconidia? | A conidiospore formed from the bud of its parent cell. |
| What is a sporangiospore? | An asexual spore formed within a sac called the sporangium. |
| Where is the sporangiospore created and what is the name of the hypha that produces it? | Occurs at the end of an aerial hypha called the sporangiophore. |
| What pH do most fungi prefer? | An acidic pH |
| Which fungi are mostly aerobic versus anaerobic? | Molds are almost all aerobic; yeasts are facultative anaerobes |
| Are fungi resistant to osmotic pressure? | Yes, it allows them to live well in salt concentrations |
| What are fungi capable of in which bacteria isn't? | Fungi are capable of growing on substances with low moisture content, of which bacteria is incapable of. |
| What do fungi require less of in comparison to bacteria? | They require less nitrogen for equivalent weight of growth than do bacteria. |
| What carbohydrates are fungi capable of using? | They are capable of utilizing complex carbohydrates such as lignins that most bacteria can't use for nutrients. |
| What are the medically important phyla of fungi? | Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, |
| What is the Zygomycota? | A phylum; form sexual zygospores and asexual sporangiospores. Their hyphae are coenocytic. |
| What is the Ascomycota? | A phylum; sac fungi with septate hyphae. Asexual spores usually are incomplete conidia. Sexual spores are ascospores produced in an ascus (sac) |
| What is the Basidiomycota? | A phylum; fungi that looks like a club that possess septate hyphae. Basidiospores are formed externally on a base pedestal. |
| What are asexual fungi called? | Anamorphs, they have lost the ability to reproduce sexually. Teleomorphs produce both sexual and asexual spores. |
| What is mycosis? | Any fungal infection is called mycosis. |
| What are the types of mycoses? | Subcutaneous mycoses, cutaneous mycoses, superficial mycoses, mucormycosis |
| What is systemic mycosis? | Fungal infections deep within the body. Deep like tissues and organs |
| How are systemic mycoses transmitted? | Usually by inhalation beginning in the lungs; caused by fungi in soil |
| What are subcutaneous mycoses? | Fungal infections beneath the skin caused by saprophytic fungi |
| What are cutaneous mycoses? | Fungal infections in the epidermis, hair, and nails |
| What are dermatophytes? | Fungi that only infect epidermis, hair, and nails; they work by secreting keratinase that degrades keratin. |
| What are superficial mycoses? | Infections in superficial epidermal cells and along hair shafts. |
| What is an opportunistic pathogen? | A harmless microorganism that becomes a threat when a host is seriously debilitated, under treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics,, or has a lung disease. These are actually found on the human body. |
| What is mucormycosis? | An opportunistic mycosis caused by Rhizopus and Mucor. |
| What is Aspergillus? | An opportunistic mycosis that affects people with debilitating lung diseases. |
| What is candidiasis? | A yeast infection caused by overgrowth of Candida albicans. |
| Thrush | A type of yeast infection that occurs in mouths and throats of newborns. |
| Due to their nutritional adaptations... | fungi can have beneficial and undesirable effects for algriculture. |
| What is a lichen? | A combination of a green alga and a fungus; it is a result of a mutualistic relationship. |
| How is a lichen's body formed? | The lichen's thallus is formed when fungal hyphae grow around algal cells to become the medulla. |
| What are two other features of lichen? | Rhizines - Fungal hyphae that project below the lichen body to attach to a surface Cortex - Fungal hyphae that forms a layer over the algal layer |
| What are the three types of lichens? | Crustose: grow flush on a surface, foliose: leaflike in shape, fruticose: have fingerlike projections |
| How does the mutualistic relationship in lichens work? | The alga releases 60% of the products of photosynthesis are released to the fungus and in return the fungus attaches to the alga and offers protection. |
| What is the economic importance of lichens? | -They're used for dyes -Antimicrobial agent -Indicating pH -Food for tundra herbivores |
| What is algae? | Eukaryotic photosynthetic autotrophs |
| What are the characteristics of algae? | The thallus can consist branched holdfast (which anchor the alga to a rock), stemlike and often hollow stipes, and leaflike blades. |
| How does algae retrieve its nutrients? | Algae absorb nutrients from the water over their entire surface. Algae are buoyed by a floating, gas-filled bladder called a pneumatocyst. |
| How do algae reproduce? | Reproduce asexually and sexually. In asexual reproduction, the thallus of a multicellular or filamentous algae fragmentates. In unicellular algae, they divide by simple fission |
| What is brown algae? | Kelp, have a phenomenal growth rate |
| What is algin? | A product used as a food thickener and in the production of other goods, is extracted from their cell walls. |
| What is red algae? | Branched and multicellular and live at greater depths than do other algae. The red pigment enables this algae to absorb the blue light that penetrates into the ocean. |
| What is green algae? | Have cellulose cell walls, contain chlorophyll a and b, and store starch as plants do. Believed to be an ancestor of terrestrial plants. |
| What are diatoms, dinoflagellates, and water molds grouped into? | The Kingdom Streamenopila |
| What are diatoms? | Unicellular or filamentous algae with complex cell walls that consist of pectin and a layer of silica that fit together as do the two halves of a Petri dish. Store energy in the form of oil |
| What are dinoflagellates? | Unicellular algae, referred to as plankton, because they are free-floating. |
| What are saxitoxins? | Neurotoxins produced by dinoflagellates in the genus Alexandrium that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). |
| What are euglenoids? | Unicellular. flagellated algae that are facultative chemoheterotrophs that resemble protozoa, lacking a cell wall, and moving with a flagellum. In the dark they may ingest organic matter. |
| What are oomycota? | Form the cottony masses on dead algae and animals; are decomposers. |
| What are some benefits of algae? | -Remove carbon from the air -Makes 80% of the Earth's oxygen |
| What is an algal bloom? | An abundant growth of microscopic algae producing visible colonies in nature. |
| What are protozoa? | Unicellular, eukaryotic organisms that feed on bacteria and small particulate nutrients |
| Where are protozoa, mostly? | They inhabit soil and water. |
| What stage is trophozoite? | The feeding and growing stage of protozoa. |
| What is characteristic of protozoa? | They are animal-like. They are classified by their means of motility. |
| How do protozoa reproduce? | Asexually by fission, budding, or schizogony. Some reproduce sexually like conjugation. |
| What is schizogony? | Multiple fission with protozoa in which the nucleus undergoes multiple divisions before the cell divides. After many nuclei are formed, a small portion of cytoplasm concentrates around each nucleus, and then the single cell separates into daughter cells. |
| What is protozoan conjugation? | Two cells fuse, and a haploid nucleus from each migrates to the other cell. Both are now fertilized and produce daughter cells |
| What is encystment? | A protective capsule containing fluid or other material; created when under certain adverse conditions |
| What are the benefits of cysts? | These allow protozoa to survive when food, moisture, or oxygen are lacking, when temperatures are not suitable, or when toxic chemicals are present. |
| What species produce oocysts? | The members of Apicomplexa. It is a reproductive structure in which new cells are reproduced asexually |
| How do protozoa derive their nutrients? | Aerobic heterotrophs; intestinal protozoa capable of anaerobic metabolism; some are photoautotrophs; some absorb through the cell membrane. |
| What are some of the ways protozoa "engulf" their nutrients? | Amebae surround the food with pseudopods and phagocytize it. Ciliates take in food by waving their cilia toward a mouthlike opening called a cytosome. |
| What can prevent the absorption of food in protozoa? | The pellicle, a coating around the cell membrane of some protozoa |
| Where does digestion take place in protozoa, and where is waste excreted? | Digestion takes place in vacuoles, and waste is eliminated through an anal pore. |
| What are Archaezoa? | Protozoa that lack mitochondria. Spindle shaped with flagella on the front, pulling the cell. |
| What are Microsporidia? | Protozoa that lack mitochondria and do not have microtubules |
| What are Rhizopoda? | Amoebas, protozoa that move by extending projections of the cytoplasm called pseudopods |
| What are Apicomplexans? | Protozoa that are nonmotile in their mature forms and are obligate intracellular parasites |
| What is undulating membrane? | A highly modified flagellum featured on some protozoa |
| What is the causative agent of malaria? | Plasmodium, a type of apicomplexan |
| What is the life cycle of an Apicomplexan? Use plasmodium as an example. | Sexual cycle take place in the mosquito, sporozoites enter a host by mosquito bites. Then they enter the liver cells, undergo shizogony, and leave the liver cells as merozoites. Enter the bloodstream and infect red blood cells and undergo schizogony again |
| What is the difference between a definitive host and an intermediate host? | The definitive host harbors the sexually reproducing stage of the parasite and the intermediate host is where the parasite undergoes asexual reproduction |
| What is Cryptosporidium? | Protozoa that live inside the cells lining the small intestine and can be transmitted to humans through the feces of cows, rodents, dogs, and cats. |
| What are Ciliophora? | Another way to say ciliates; have cilia that are shorter than the flagella, for motility. |
| What is under the Kingdom Alveolata? | Ciliates, apicomplexans, and dinoflagellates. All have membrane-bound cavities and rRNA sequences |
| What are hemoflagellates? | Blood parasites transmitted by the bites of blood-feeding insects |
| What are Euglenoids? | Protozoa that are photoautotrophs. Most have a red eyespot that is light sensitive. |
| What are Euglenozoa? | Phylum that describes protozoa that all have common rRNA sequences, disk-shaped mitochondria, and no sexual reproduction |
| What is the tachyzoite stage? | A rapidly moving vegetative stage; faster trophozoite stage in protozoa. |
| What are slime mods? | Protists that are closely related to amebae. There are two taxa of slime modes: cellular and plasmodial. |
| What are cellular slime molds? | Eukaryotic cells that resemble amebae. Live and grow by ingesting fungi and bacteria by phagocytosis |
| What do cellular slime molds do when conditions are unfavorable? | Large numbers of amoeboid cells aggregate to form a single structure. Cyclic AMP produced by some amoebas acts as an attractant to form the slug. |
| What happens after a slime mold slug is formed? | The slug moves toward light and eventually forms a stalked structure with a spore cap at the top. Under favorable conditions this spore cap differentiates into single amoebalike spores, repeating the cycle |
| What are plasmodial slime molds? | A mass of protoplasm called plasmodium. The plasmodium moves like a giant amoeba and engulfs organic debris and bacteria. |
| What is cytoplasmic streaming? | The protoplasm within the plasmodium moves and changes both its speed and direction so that the oxygen and nutrients are evenly distributed. |
| What do plasmodial slime molds do when conditions are unfavorable? | When conditions are unfavorable for growth, the plasmodium separates, and stalked sporangia with spores are formed. When conditions improve, the spores germinate and the plasmodium is again formed. |
| What are helminths? | Multicellular eukaryotic animals that generally possess digestive, circulatory, nervous, excretory, and reproductive systems. Many are parasitic. There are Platyhelminthes and Nematoda. |
| What are the differences between parasitic helminths and free-living relatives? | They lack a digestive system, their nervous system is reduced, their motility is reduced, their reproductive system is complex |
| What are the sexual stats of adult helminths? | Some may be hermaphroditic. Definitive host harbors the adult and intermediate hosts are needed for larval or developmental stages |
| What are Platyhelminths? | Flatworms that are flattened from front to back; parasites that cause disease or developmental disturbances; digestive system is incomplete |
| what are Trematodes (Flukes)? | Platyhelminths that have flat, leaf-shaped bodies with a ventral sucker and an oral suck to hold them in place and suck fluids from the host. |
| What is the life cycle of a Trematode? Use the Lung Fluke as an example | Egg excreted into water, larva develops from egg, enters a snail. Produces rediae, develops into cercariae, and penetrates a crayfish and encyst as metacercariae. Then human eats it and is infected |
| How does the Trematode obtain food? | Obtain food through the outer covering, the cuticle. |
| What is a Cestode? | Intestinal parasites; tapeworms. The head, scolex, has suckers and usually attachment hooks. The worm consists of segments called proglottids, which contain both male and female organs. |
| What is a mature proglottid in relation Cestode? | Segments of flatworms contain fertilized eggs shed in the feces. Eggs hatch in the intestine, releasing larvae that migrates to muscles, where the larval form is encysted as cysticerci |
| What is a hydatid cyst? | Cysts that form in these infections of the host tissue, usually the lung or a liver |
| What are Nematodes? | Roundworms; cylindrical and tapered at the end. Have a complete digestive system, consisting of a mouth, an intestine, and an anus. |
| What are the sexual stats of Nematodes? | Dioecious, males are smaller than females and have one or two hardened spicules on their posterior ends. Spicules are used to guide sperm to the female's genital pore |
| What is the life cycle of a Nematodes? | Some nematodes pass their entire life cycle within a person. Some species of nematodes are free-living in soil and water; others are parasites of plants and animals. |
| Two categories that separate nematode infections of humans? | Those in which the egg is infective and those in which the larva is infective. |
| Give 1 example of egg-infection nematode. | Ascaris lumbricoides is a nematode that feeds on semi-digested food, grow in the lungs and mature in the small intestine of humans. |
| Give 1 example of larvae-infective nematode. | Strongyloide is a nematode that directly enters the skin of a human. Can migrate to the intestine and cause abdominal pain, or to lungs and cause a cough. |
| What are arthropods? | Animals characterized by segmented bodies, hard external skeletons, and jointed legs |
| What are arthropod vectors? | Arthropods that carry pathogenic microorganisms |
| What animals do Arachnida indicate? | Animals that have eight legs: spiders, mites, ticks. |
| What animals do Crustacea indicate? | Four antennae: Crabs, crayfish |
| What animals do Insecta indicate? | Six legs: bees, flies, lice |
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