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micro chp4
Functional Anatomy of prokaryotic cell
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Prokaryotes Genetic Material | DNA, located in nucleoid region, not membrane bound. 1 circular chromosome loosely attached to plasma membrane |
| Prokaryotic Cell Division | binary fission |
| Prokaryotic Membrane Bound organells | None, inclusions serve various functions |
| Prokaryotic Cytoskeleton | some actin microfilaments |
| Prokaryotic Cell wall | All except Mycoplasma, contains peptidoglycan. (archaea- cell wall is absent or lacks peptidoglycan |
| Prokaryotic Cell Membrane | Phospholipid Bilayer, Proteins, No sterols, Energy Production |
| Prokaryotic Ribosomes | 70s |
| Morphology and arrangement of Cocci | Spherical, round oval,Diplococci - pairs,Tetrads - in fours,Sarcinae – groups of 8,16,32,Streptococci - chains,Staphylococci – clumps or clusters |
| Morphology and arrangement of Spiral | helical or curved bacteria Vibrios – very short, curved like a comma,Spirilla – wavy , coiled and rigid,Spirochetes - tightly coiled – corkscrew – flexible |
| Monomorphic | maintains 1 shape |
| Pleomorphic | has multiple shapes |
| Glycocalyx ( sugar coat) | polysaccharides, proteins or mixture of both |
| Cell Envelope | cell wall, cell membrane, outer membrane |
| Gram Positive Cell Walls | Thick layer of peptidoglycan – makes gram positives susceptible to antibiotics in the penicillin family Teichoic Acids ,Surface Polysaccharides,Lipids – mycolic acids |
| Gram Negative Cell Walls | thinner layers of peptidoglycan located next to the plasma membrane,outer membrane – covers the peptidoglycan layer,Lipoprotein,Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) “O” polysaccharides – antigens –Phospholipid Strong negative charge |
| Lipid A | an endotoxin – causes fever and shock if released into blood stream |
| Porins | |
| Non typical cell walls | mycobacteria ,nocardia (acid fast), mycoplasma-smalles,lack walls, membrane stabilized by sterol, archaea, L forms (chemical exposure or mutation) |
| Lysozymes | digestice enzymes found in tears mucus saliva breast milk, sweat; more effective against gram+, weakly effective gram(-) |
| Antibiotics | Penicillins- prevent peptidoglycan from forming cross bridges and linking into a stable cell wall; more effective against gram (+) |
| Plasma membrane | encloses cytoplasm, phospholipids, proteins No sterols. Site of photosynthesis, location of enzymes break down nutrients and produce ATP |
| Proteins of plasma membrane | peripheral- attached to surface (enzymes support movement) Integral- embedded in membrane (channels and transport proteins) |
| How do antimicrobial agents work? | Damagin the membrane |
| Cytoplasm | %80 h2o, proteins, carbs, lipids, ions, DNA, ribosomes, inclusions |
| Necleoid Region | single circular chromosome, no enclosed |
| Plasmids | small circular pieces of dsDNA found in cytoplasm, independent of chromosomal dna. 5-100 genes. Antibiotic resistant, tolerance to toxic metals, production of toxins synthesis of enzymes. Transferred between bacteria during conjugation |
| Ribosomes | site of protein synthesis, Large & Mall, composed of proteins and ribosomalRNA. 70S (eukaryotic mitochondria has 70S as well*Antibiotics*) |
| Inclusions | Metachromatic Granules, polysaccharide granules, lipid inclusions, sulfur granules, carboxysomes, Gas Vacuoles, Magnetsosomes |
| Metachromatic granules | phosphate reserves, stain red w methylene blue, found in alge fungi protozoa |
| Polysaccharide granules | store carbs, stain w iodine,glycogen stains reddish brown starch stains blue purple |
| Sulfur granules | energy reserves of sulfur, some use sulfur for metabolism |
| Carboxysomes | photosynthetic bacteria need these for CO2 fixation, found in nitrifying bacteria, cyanobacteria, thiobacillus |
| Gas Cacuoles | used to maintain buoyancy in aquatic prokaryotes |
| Magnetosomes | iron oxide deposits- act like magnets for movement decompose toxic peroxide, used to make magnetite |
| Actin Cytoskeleton | in rod shaped and spiral bacteria reinforce the cell membrane and help maintain shape of cell. |
| Endospores | resting cells, unique to bacteria, gram (+) Postion: terminal, subterminal, central. Clostridium botulinum, clostridium tetani, cavillus anthracis |
| Sporulation | can be triggered by lack of nutrients 1cell->1spore->1 cell |
| Classification of Bacteria 4 divisions; seven classes total | I -Thin, gram-negative cell walls 1.non-photosynthetic 2.anaerobic photosynthetic 3. cyanobacteriaII.Thick, gram positive cell walls 1. rods and cocci 2. filamentous branching cells III w//o cell walls 1.Mycoplasmas.IV -Unusual walls 1.Archaeobacteria |
| Cyanobacteria | Blue-Green Bacteria ; contain chlorophyll a; perform oxygenic photosynthesis; widespread in aquatic environments |
| Green and Purple Sulfur Bacteria | do not contain chlorophyll a; do not give off oxygen as a result of photosynthesis; found in anaerobic environments – sulfur springs, freshwater lakes, swamps |
Created by:
ktlapp
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