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micro ch1

Main themes of biology

QuestionAnswer
Types of micro organisms 1. bacteria ( archaea, eubacteria) 2.Fungi 3. protests 4.multicellular animal parasites 5.viruses 6. prions 7. viroids
When did prokaryotes appear on earth? 3.5 billion years ago
When did eukaryotes appear? 1.8 billion years ago
Two commercial applications of microorganisms? cheese magnetic strip
Bioremediation using microbes to clean up pollution
Pathogens cause disease, 2000 named pathogens
Robert Hooke 1665 coined term cell
Louis Pasteur 1861 disproved spontaneous generation
Pasteur fermentation of sugar to alcohol by yeast, developed pasteurization
Pasteur (Germ Therory) silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan parasite
Robert Koch (germ Therory) first person to prove that specific bacteria caused specific disease – Bacillus anthracis in cattle
The Woesse-Fox 3 domain System Based on rRNA,tRNA,membrane lipid structure, sensitivity to antibiotics. 1.eukaryotes 2. prokaryotes: bacteria 3. prokaryotes; archea
Methanogens strict anaerobes produce methane from CO2 and H2
Extreme Halophiles require high concentrations of salt for survival
Thermoacidophiles grow in hot acidic environments
Woesse system archaea vs bacteria archaea- 1.cell walls don’t contain peptidoglycan 2. live in extreme environments 3. have unusual metabolic processes. Bacteria- 1. cell walls contain peptidoglycan 2. gram positive, gram negative, mycoplasma,cyanobacteria, green non sulfur bacteria
Transmission electron Microscopy beam passes through 2d good internal detail
Scanning electron Microscopy beam bounces 3d good for seeing surface
Staining coloring microorganisms with a dye that emphasizes certain structures
Smear the thin film of material containing microorganisms spread on the surface of a slide
Chromophore colored ion in a dye
Basic dye color is carried on + ion. Crystal violet; methylene blue; malachite green; safranin; carbolfuchsin. Attracted to (-) charged bacterial cell
Acidic dye color is carried on (-) ion. Eosin; acid fuchsin; nigrosin; India ink. (-) ions are repelled by (-) charged bacterial surface colors backround instead
Direct staining stains the organism (basic dye)
Negative staining technique that prepares colorless bacteria against a colored backround. Good for overall cell size shape and seeing capsules
Gram stain most common differential stain, primary stain- crystal violet mordant- iodine
Gram Positive Cell Wall thick peptidoglycan layer; resist decolorization;retain CV; appear purple
Gram Negatice Cell Wall thin peptidoglycan layer; thick lipopolysaccharide layer is dissolved by decolorizer; cells will accept counterstain and appear pink
Acid Fast Stain binds to bacteria with mycolic acids in cell walls
What is acid fast stains used to identify? mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium leprae, and pathogenic strains of Nocardia sp.
What is Primary stain in Acid Fast stain? carbolfuchsin
What is Counterstain in Acid Fast stain? methylene blue
Acid Fast organisms carbol fuchsin is retained in lipid rich cell wall stains red
Non Acid Fast organisms decolorize with acid accept counterstain stains blue
Will capsules accept most dyes? no, appear as unstained halos surrounding stained bacteria
Endospores resistant dormant structure that protects bacteria from extreme conditions,
Schaeffer-Fulton endospore stain uses heat to help the stain penetrate the spore coat. Primary- malachite green counterstain-safranin. Endosores-green/ vegetative cells-pink
Monotrichous single polar flagellum
Amphitrichous a tuft of flagella at each end of the cell
Lophotrichous 2 or more at one pole of the cell
Peritrichous distributed over entire cell
Created by: ktlapp
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