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Bio test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what ALLOWED insects to be so large according to Clapham and Karr | high O2 levels |
| later in history ,how did predidation develop the size of dragonflies | constrained due to bird evolution |
| describe figure from Clapham and Karr | O2 levels and other factors like predation correlate to dragonfly size |
| describe evidence to support Clapham and Karrs conclusions | the correlation of the graph and time period |
| what are some explanations for dragonfly size | o2 levels, predation, vegitation |
| how did birds evolve to become better predators | alula: increased aerodynamics and fused pygostyle: tail vertebrae |
| high O2 levels caused insects to become large true or false | false: it allowed them to but it does not have a direct correlation |
| what colors or wavelengths of light do chlorophyll absorb | red, blue, and violet |
| what colors or wavelengths do chlorophyll reflect | green and yellow |
| what are the two basic steps of photosynthesis | light independent and light dependent reactions |
| what happens during a light dependent reaction | ATP is synthesized and NADPH is generated |
| what happens during a light independent reaction | energy from ATP is used to build glucose from CO2 and H20 |
| why is O2 a by-product of photosynthesis | when converting glucose to CO2 and H2O, oxygen is not used therefore becoming waste |
| why do plants preform photosynthesis | to produce glucose and other carbohydrates |
| what is the main process for transporting energy around the cell | ATP |
| What is ATP made of | one adenosine and three phosphates |
| what chemical changes occur during the ATP and ADP cycle | the 2nd and 3rd p bond breaks to create ADP + P |
| what energetic changes occur during the ATP and ADP cycle | ADP + P has a lower energy state that ATP |
| how is energy inputed and removed between ATP and ADP | ATP= ADP + P: removed ADP+ P = ATP: input |
| recall the process that lead to the great oxygenation event | the development of cyanobacteria evolved photo synthesis which produced O2 as a byproduct |
| how did earth look before and after the great oxygenation event | before all organisms were heterotrophic prokaryotes and after autotrophs spread fast and this event became catastrophic for previously existing life forms |
| what were some negative outcomes of the great oxygenation event | built minerals,O2 gas was toxic, reacted with methane, formation of the ozone layer |
| what were some positive outcomes of the great oxygenation event | generated new niches, gave opportunities to diversify |
| what is the relationship between the terms chromosome, gene, allele, and DNA | they all contribute to the genetics of a human |
| what is a chromosome | helps store dna and is found in the nucleus |
| what is a gene | a segment of dna with instructions to build protiens |
| what is an allele | different possible forms of the same gene |
| what is DNA | a structure responsible for our genetics |
| what is the difference between varying alleles of a gene | different protein sequences |
| why can one person only have a maximum of two alleles | we get one passed down from each parent |
| what is natural selection | the most fundamental process and characteristic of life |
| what is the first postulate of natural selection | individuals vary in their traits |
| what is the second postulate of natural selection | some of the variation is heritable |
| what is the third postulate of natural selection | more offspring are produced than can reproduce |
| what is the fourth postulate of natural selection | survival and reproduction are not random |
| what is an example of the first postulate in terms of the horned lizards | horn lengths vary |
| what is an example of the second postulate in terms of the horned lizards | offspring will produce similar horn length to their parents |
| what is an example of the third postulate in terms of the horned lizards | natural selection happens based off fitness |
| what is an example of the fourth postulate in terms of the horned lizards | shorter horns get eaten |
| how do mutations occur in genetics | randomly |
| what is the definition of population | group of individuals that interbreed and reproduce |
| what is an example of a population | rock pocket mice |
| what is evolution | a change of allele frequencies in a population |
| what is an example of evolution | dragonfly size fluctuating |
| what is an adaptation | trait that increases the fitness of an individual |
| what is an example of an adaptation | black vs. white mice |
| what is fitness | the ability to survive and reproduce in a given environment |
| what is an example of fitness | black mice on lava rock |
| what is kinetic energy | energy of movement |
| example of kinetic energy | heat, light, electricity |
| what is potential energy | energy that is stored |
| what is an example of potential energy | chemical bonds |
| what is the 1st law of thermodynamics | energy cannot be created or destroyed but can change forms |
| how is visible light energy similar to the rest of the electromagnetic spectrum | they are showing wave lengths |
| what makes visible light energy special to us | it reflects off of receptors in our eyes allowing us to see color |
| what are the potential outcomes of light striking an object | the light can be reflected, transmitted, or absorbed |
| what are similarities between diffusion and facilitated transport | they both move down a concentration gradient and diffuse through a semi permeable membrane |
| what are the differences between diffusion and facilitated transport | in facilitated transport, the substance passes through a pore, or tunnel, inside other molecules in the membrane |
| what is the importance of gated proteins | to allow only certain ions and molecules to be transported quickly through the membrane |
| what does it mean for a protein to be selective | the channel allows only certain substances to pass through, but not others |
| identify factors that influence the rate of diffusion and if it increases or decreases the rate | large surface area= increase, high temperature's= increase, steep concentration gradient= increase |
| what does it mean if a protein is gated | sometimes the channel allows molecules to pass through, and sometimes it doesn’t |
| what are examples of selection pressures | sexual selection, limited food, predation, locomotion, temperature |
| describe the insect respiratory system | tracheas that bring oxygen directly to cells |
| what is the difference between insect and human respiratory systems | insects do not have blood that carrys oxygen to cells |
| what are two traits that all respiratory systems have in common | large surface area and wet or moist |
| what is a respiratory surface and how do gases move across it | allows movment of gases in the respiratory system through diffusion |
| blooms taxonomy: remembering | recalling facts and basic concepts |
| blooms taxonomy: understanding | explaining ideas or concepts |
| blooms taxonomy; applying | using knowledge gained in new ways |
| blooms taxonomy: analysis | examining and breaking the concept into parts and determining their connection |
| blooms taxonomy:evaluating | make judgements based on your opinion |
| blooms taxonomy: creating | putting information together in your own way |
| what is diffusion | the spontaneous movement of molecules away from areas of high density |
| one area of a cell has a higher density of a certain type of molecule compared to neighboring areas | concentration gradient |
| what are the three types of transport proteins | carrier, channel, aquaporins |
| what is the relationship between diffusion and osmosis | the both function in the same way but osmosis refers specifically to the diffusion of water molecules |
| what type of organisms are responsible for the production of most of the oxygen on earth | phytoplankton |
| what molecule is the source of the electrons in the electron transport chain | water |
| what molecule is the source of the oxygen that is released as a byproduct of photosynthesis | water |
| what is the same thing as a proton | H+ |
| what molecule is the source of the protons that are used to establish the proton gradient | water |
| what molecule does the electron end up in at the end of the two light reactions | NADPH |
| what is the proton gradient used for | making ATP |
| what does carbon fixation mean | making organic compounds |
| where does the cell get ATP and NADPH | light reactions in photosynthesis |
| what does the cell use G3P for | building carbohydrates such as glucose |
| what are the two primary functions of a respiratory system | provide oxygen to cells and remove CO2 from the body |
| what do mammals use for respiration | lungs |
| what do insects use for respiration | tracheal system |
| what do earthworms use for respiration | skin |
| what do fish use for respiration | gills |
| holes in the body wall of the insect through which air enters the tracheal system | spiracles |
| why do insects sometimes close their spiracles | to conserve water |
Created by:
mrmhky
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