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Prokaryotes
Domain Bacteria and Archaea
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 2 domains that prokaryotes are classified as? | Archaea and Bacteria |
| What is the order of classification? | Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species |
| What is proteobacteria? | gram-negative, chemoheterotrophic bacteria that possess a signature rRNA sequence. |
| What is proteobacteria? | gram-negative, chemoheterotrophic bacteria that possess a signature rRNA sequence. |
| What characterizes alphaproteobacteria? | Capable of growth with very low nutrients and have unusual morphology |
| What are the different types of proteobacteria? | alphaproteobacteria, betaproteobacteria, gammaproteobacteria, deltaproteobacteria, and epsilonproteobacteria |
| What characterizes alphaproteobacteria? | Capable of growth with very low nutrients and have unusual morphology |
| What level of organization is alphaproteobacteria? | The class level |
| Why are alphaproteobacteria agriculturally important? | They are capable of nitrogen fixation in symbiosis with plants, and several human & plant pathogens. |
| What are prosthecae? | A stalk or bud protruding from a prokaryotic cell |
| What is characteristic of pelagibacter (alphaproteobacterium)? | It is the most abundant, simplest, and a very small bacterium. |
| Does pelagibacter play a role in the Earth's carbon cycle? | Yes, pelagibacter is a very abundant microorganism. |
| What is characteristic of azospirillum (alphaproteobacteria)? | It is a soil bacterium that is closely associated with the roots of plants. It utilizes plants excretion and fixes nitrogen back from the atmosphere. |
| What do acetobacter and gluconobacter (alphaproteobacteria) have in common? | They are both industrially important aerobic microorganisms that convert ethanol into acetic acid. |
| What pathogen causes granulomatous disease? | Granulibacter (alphaproteobacteria) |
| What is characteristic of rickettsia (alphaproteobacterium)? | They are transmitted to humans by insect and tick bites. |
| How does rickettsia enter the host cell? | They induce phagocytosis, enter the cytoplasm, and begin binary fission. |
| What is characteristic of erhlichiae? | They live obligately within white blood cells. |
| What do Rickettsia, Coxiella, and Chlamydia have in common? | They are all obligate intracellular parasites. |
| What do caulobacteria and hyphomicrobium have in common? | They both produce prominent prosthecae. |
| What is characteristic of Caulobacter (alphaproteobacteria)? | Found in low-nutrient aquatic environments and feature stalks that anchor microorganisms to surfaces. |
| How do caulobacter function? | Their stalks anchor them to surfaces, if the surface is living, they make use of the living's excretion. If nutrients are especially low, the stalk size increases |
| What is characteristic of hyphomicrobium (alphaproteobacteria)? | The parent cell retains its identity while the bud increases in size until it separates as a completely new cell. |
| What do rhizobium, bradyrhizobium, and agrobacterium (alphaproteobacteria) have in common? | They have the ability to infect plants. |
| What is characteristic of rhizobium and bradyrhizobium? | They infect leguminous plant roots; they stimulate the growth of abnormal tissue and form a symbiotic relationship with it. They'll fixate nitrogen from the air for use by the plant. |
| What is characteristic of agrobacterium? | They do not induce root nodules or fix nitrogen. They instead cause a tumorlike gall to be formed where the stem and root of plant meet by inserting a plasmid that contains bacterial genetic information into the plant's chromosomal DNA. |
| What is characteristic of bartonella (alphaproteobacteria)? | contains several species that are human pathogens. One of them are a bacillus that cause cat-scratch disease. |
| What is characteristic of brucella (alphaproteobacteria)? | it is able to survive phagocytosis, are nonmotile, are obligate parasites, cause the disease brucellosis |
| What is characteristic of nitrobacter and nitrosomonas (alphaproteobacteria)? | capable of only using inorganic chemicals as energy sources and carbon dioxide as their only source of carbon to create their complex chemical makeup. Nitrosomonas oxidize ammonium to nitrite, then it's oxidized by Nitrobacter to nitrates. |
| Why are Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas (alphaproteobacteria) significant? | They perform nitrification which is significant because nitrate is important to agriculture; it’s a nitrogen form that’s highly mobile in soil and therefore likely to be encountered and used by plants. |
| What is characteristic of Wolbachia (alphaproteobacteria)? | Live inside the cells of their hosts, interferes with reproduction and egg development in infected insects, escapes detection by the usual culture methods. |
| What are the basic shapes of bacterial cells? | Cocci - round, bacilli - rod, spiral |
| What is Thiobacillus (betaproteobacteria)? | Chemoautotrophic; oxidize sulfur |
| What is Neissera (betaproteobacteria)? | Chemoheterotrophic; cocci Inhabit mucosal membranes in humans |
| What are two species of Neissera (betaproteobacteria)? | N. meningitidis: causes meningitis (meningococcal) N. gonorrhoeae: causes gonorrhoeae |
| What is Spirillum (betaproteobacteria)? | Chemoheterotrophic; helical, Aerobic, Spirillum volutans, flagellate |
| What is Bordetella (betaproteobacteria)? | Chemoheterotrophic; rods aerobic B. pertussis |
| What is Burkholderia (betaproteobacteria)? | Aerobic; Lives in diverse environments; Nosocomial infections |
| What is Zoogloea (betaproteobacteria)? | Slimy masses in aerobic sewage-treatment processes |
| What is Pseudomonadales (gammaproteobacteria)? | Opportunistic pathogens; Metabolically diverse; Polar flagella |
| Name two species of Pseudomonadales (gammaproteobacteria)? | P. aeruginosa. Infects urinary tract, burns, wounds Can grow on antiseptics and are resistant to most antibiotics responsible for 1 in 10 hospital infections. P. moraxella. Causes conjunctivitis |
| Name two genera under the order Legionellales? | Legionella and Coxiella |
| What is Legionella (gammaproteobacteria) | Found in streams, warm-water pipes, cooling towers L. pneumophilia |
| What is Coxiella (gammaproteobacteria)? | Q fever transmitted via aerosols or milk |
| What is Vibrionales (gammaproteobacteria)? | Facultative anaerobic curved rods Found in coastal water; transmitted by raw shellfish |
| What are two species under genus Vibrio(gammaproteobacteria)? | Vibrio cholerae: causes cholera (profuse diarrhea) V. parahaemolyticus causes gastroenteritis |
| What are characteristic of Enterobacteriales (gammaproteobacteria)? | Peritrichous flagella; facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative Commonly called enterics (inhabit intestinal tracts of humans and other animals Many important pathogenic organisms |
| What are some genuses of Enterobacteriales (gammaproteobacteria)? | Enterobacter, Erwinia, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, Serratia, Shigella, Yersinia |
| What is Escherichia coli (gammaproteobacteria)? | Most common inhabitant of human intestinal tract Most well characterized organism in microbiology Main cause of traveler’s diarrhea |
| What is Salmonella (gammaproteobacteria)? | Almost all members are potentially pathogenic Inhabit intestines of poultry and cattle Salmonella typhi- causative agent of typhoid fever Other members of this genus causes salmonellosis, one of the most common foodborne illness |
| What is Shigella (gammaproteobacteria)? | Found only in humans, enterobacterial Second only to E. coli as a cause of traveler’s diarrhea |
| What is Klebsiella (gammaproteobacteria)? | Found in soil or water; enterobacterial K. pneumonia: contains a capsule; causes a serious form of pneumonia in humans |
| What is Proteus (gammaproteobacteria)? | Implicated in many infections of the urinary tract and in wounds; enterobacterial |
| What are the genuses under Pasteurellales (gammaproteobacteria)? | Pasteurella - Cause pneumonia and septicemia Haemophilus - Require X (heme) and V (NAD+, NADP+) factors |
| What is Beggiatoa (gammaproteobacteria)? | Chemoautotrophic; oxidize H2S to S0 for energy |
| What is Francisella (gammaproteobacteria)? | Chemoheterotrophic; tularemia |
| What is Bdellovibrio (deltaproteobacteria)? | Preys on other bacteria. |
| What is Desulfovibrionales (deltaproteobacteria)? | Use S instead of O2 as final electron acceptor |
| What is Myxococcales (deltaproteobacteria)? | Gliding Cells aggregate to form myxospores |
| What is Campylobacter (epsilonproteobacteria)? | One polar flagellum Gastroenteritis |
| What is Helicobacter (epsilonproteobacteria)? | Multiple flagella Peptic ulcers Stomach cancer |
| What are the phyla of gram-positive bacteria called? | Firmicutes: low G + C ratios and actinobacteria: high G + C ratios |
| What is Clodistrium (firmicute)? | Gram positive rods Endospore-producing Obligate anaerobes |
| Name three species of Clodistrium and what they cause. | C. tetani: tetanus C. botulinum: botulism, botox C. perfringens: foodborne diarrhea |
| What is bacillus (firmicute)? | Endospore forming Few are pathogenic |
| Name one example of bacillus and what it causes. | B. anthracis: Facultative anaerobe; causative agent of anthrax |
| What is Staphylococcus (firmicute)? | Looks like a clump of grapes S. aureus - Yellow colonies Facultative anaerobes Live in nose and on skin Common problems in hospitals in surgical wounds Quickly develops resistance to antibiotics like penicillin Common cause of food poisoning |
| What is the order of lactobacillales (firmicute)? | Generally aerotolerant anaerobes; lack an electron-transport chain Lactobacillus Streptococcus Enterococcus Listeria |
| What is streptococcus (firmicute)? | often chained Generally aerotolerant anaerobes Responsible for more illness than any other group Produce products that destroy phagocytic cells Some digest connective tissue which causes it to spread |
| Name three species of streptococcus (firmicute)? | S. pyogenes: Causes scarlet fever, sore throat (pharyngitis), rheumatic fever S. mutans: Causes cavities (dental caries) S. pneumoniae: Most common cause of pneumonia |
| What is Enterococcus (firmicute)? | grows in low oxygen like intestinal tract and vagina and also in human stool They persist as contaminants in a hospital environment like hands and bedding Leading cause of hospital infections due to high resistance to antibiotics |
| What is Mycoplasmatales (firmicute)? | Wall-less; pleomorphic 0.1 - 0.24 µm; one of the smallest bacteria M. pneumoniae |
| What are three types of streptococci? | Beta-hemolytic: completely breaks down blood Alpha-hemolytic: partially breaks down blood Gamma-hemolytic: grows/lives on the blood/no breakdown |
| What is Actinomyces? | The genera Streptomyces, Frankia, Actinomyces, and Nocardia. Have a radiate, or starlike, form of growth by reason of their often-branching filaments. Facultative anaerobes |
| What is Chlamydias? Name three species | Chlamydia trachomatis: Trachoma; STI, urethritis Chlamydophila pneumoniae Chlamydophila psittaci: Psittacosis |
| What is Cyanobacteria (nonproteobacteria)? | Gram-negative bacteria; ONLY photosynthetic bacteria, fixes nitrogen, secretes toxin |
| What is the phylum Spirochetes (nonproteobacteria)? Name two genera. | resembles a metal spring, uses axial filaments for motility. Three genera include: Borrelia, Leptospira, Treponema |
| What is the phylum Bacteriodetes (nonproteobacteria)? Name two genera under it. | Anaerobic Bacteroides are found in the mouth and large intestine Cytophaga: Cellulose-degrading in soil |
| What is the genus Fusobacterium (nonproteobacteria)? | Are found in the mouth May be involved in dental diseases |
| What are three categories of Archaea? Name some genera for each. | Hyperthermophiles: Pyrodictium, Sulfolobus Methanogens: Methanobacterium Extreme halophiles: Halobacterium Acidophiles |
| Bacteria are not always.... | the same size |
| Many bacteria have not been identified because they | Haven't been cultured Need special nutrients Are a part of complex food chains requiring the products of other bacteria Need to be cultured to understand their metabolism and ecological role |
| How much bacteria per gram of soil? | PCR indicates up to 10,000 bacteria per gram of soil. |
Created by:
bsauveur
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