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Biochemistry
PASS program drill notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the most common INTRACELLULAR buffer? | Protein |
| What is the most common EXTRACELLULAR buffer? | Bicarbonate |
| What is a ZWITTERION? | A molecule with one negative and one positive end |
| What is the ISOELECTRIC point? | The pH at which there is no net charge |
| What is the rate limiting enzyme of Glycolysis? | PFK-1 |
| What is the rate limiting enzyme of Gluconeogenesis? | Pyruvate carboxylase |
| What is the rate limiting enzyme in the HMP shunt? | G6PD |
| What is the rate limiting enzyme in Glycogenolysis? | Glycogen phosphorylase |
| What is the rate limiting enzyme in Glycogenesis? | Glycogen synthase |
| What is the rate limiting enzyme in FA synthesis? | AcCoA carboxylase |
| What is the rate limiting enzyme in B-oxidation? | CAT-I |
| What is the rate limiting enzyme in Cholesterol synthesis? | HMG CoA reductase |
| What is the rate limiting enzyme in Ketogenesis? | HMG CoA synthase |
| What is the rate limiting enzyme in Purine synthesis? | PRPP synthase |
| What is the rate limiting enzyme in Pyrimidine synthesis? | Asp transcarbamoylase |
| What is the rate limiting enzyme in TCA cycle? | Isocitrate dehydrogenase |
| What is the rate limiting enzyme in Urea cycle? | CPS-I |
| What is the rate limiting enzyme in Heme synthesis? | ᵟ- ALA synthase |
| What are the catabolic pathways that create energy? | "ABC" Acetyl-CoA production B-oxidation Citric acid cycle |
| What are the anabolic pathways that store energy? | "EFGH" ER Fatty acid synthesis Glycolysis HMP shunt |
| What are the anabolic + catabolic pathways? | "HUG" Heme synthesis Urea cycle Gluconeogenesis |
| What does an Isomerase do? | Creates an isomer |
| What does an Epimerase do? | Creates an epimer, which differs around 1 chiral carbon |
| What does a Transferase do? | Moves sidechain from one substrate to another (interchain) |
| What does a Mutase do? | Moves sidechain from one carbon to another (intrachain) |
| What does a Kinase do? | Phosphorylates using ATP |
| What does a Phosphorylase do? | Phosphorylates using Pi |
| What does a Carboxylase do? | Forms C-C bonds (w/ ATP and biotin) using CO2 |
| What does a Synthase do? | Consumes 2 substrates equally |
| What does a Synthetase do? | Consumes 2 substrates, uses ATP |
| What does a Phosphatase doe? | Breaks phosphate bond |
| What does a Hydroxylase do? | Breaks a bond with water |
| What does a Lyase do? | Cuts C-C bonds with ATP |
| What does a Dehydrogenase do? | Removes H with a cofactor |
| What does a Thio do? | Breaks S bonds |
| Wha is Diffusion? | From high to low concentration |
| What is Active Transport? | Goes (transport) against concentration gradient |
| What is Zero-order kinetics? | Metabolism (drug) independent of concentration |
| What is 1st-order kinetics? | Constant drug percentage metabolism over time, depends on drug |
| What is Efficacy? | Max effect regardless of dose (lower w/ non-competitive antagonist) |
| What affects Efficacy? | Vmax |
| What is Potency? | Amount of drug needed to produce effect (lower w/ competitive antagonist) |
| What affects Potency? | Km |
| What is Kd? | Concentration of drug that binds 50% of receptors |
| What is EC50? | Concentration of drug that produces 50% of maximal response |
| What is Competitive inhibition? | Fights for active site, no ▲Vmax, potency decreases |
| What is Non-competitive inhibition? | Binds a regulatory site, no ▲Km, efficacy decreases, ↓ Vmax |
| What is an Endothermic Reaction? | Consumes heat |
| What is an Exothermic Reaction? | Gives off heat |
| What is the Peak level? | 4 hrs after dose (too high => decrease dose) |
| What is Trough level? | 2 hrs before dose (to high => give less often) |
| What is t1/2? | Half-life, the time it takes for the body to use half of the drug ingested |
| What is von Gierke? | G-6Pase deficiency => hypoglycemia, hepatosplenomegaly |
| What is Pompe's disease? | Cardiac α-1, 4-glucosidase deficiency => DIE early |
| What is Cori's disease? | Debranching enzyme deficiency => short branches of glycogen |
| What is Anderson's? | Branching enzyme deficiency => long chains of glycogen |
| What is McArdle's? | Muscle phosphorylase deficiency => muscle cramps w/ exercise |
| What is Essential Fructosuria? | Fructokinase deficiency => excrete fructose (still have hexokinase) |
| What is Fructosemia? | "Fructose intolerance" (Aldolase B deficiency) => liver damage |
| What does Galactokinase deficiency cause? | Cataracts |
| What does Galactosemia cause? | Cataracts, mental retardation, liver damage |
| What does the Citrate shuttle do? | FA transport out of the mitochondria |
| What does the Carnitine shuttle do? | FA transport into the mitochondria |
| What lysosomal diseases have a cherry-red macula? | Tay-Sachs, Neimann-Pick |
| What lysosomal diseases have a Gargoyle-face? | Gaucher's, Hurler's |
| What is Tay-Sachs? | Hexosaminidase A deficiency => blindness, incoordination, dementia |
| What is Sandhoff's? | Hexosaminidase A/B deficiency |
| What is Gaucher's? | Glucocerebrosidase deficiency => wrinkled tissue MP, bone pain |
| What is Fabry's? | α-galactosidase deficiency => corneal clouding, attacks baby's kidneys, X-linked |
| What is Neimann-Pick? | Sphingomyelinase deficiency => zebra bodies |
| What is Krabbe's? | ß-galactosidase deficiency => globoid cells |
| What is Metachromatic Leukodystrophy? | Arylsulfatase deficiency => childhood MS |
| What is Hunter's? | Iduronidase deficiency, milder form |
| What is Hurler's? | Iduronidase deficiency, worse form |
| What is Lesch-Nyhan? | (HGPRT deficiency) => gout, neuropathy, self-mutilation |
| What do white diaper crystals suggest | Excess orotic acid |
| What does biotin donate CO2 groups for? | Carboxylation |
| What does THF donate methyl groups for? | Nucleotides |
| What does SAM donate methyl groups for? | All other reactions |
| What is the difference b/w Heterochromatin and Euchromatin? | Heterochromatin = tightly coiled Euchromatin = loose (10nm fibers) |
| What are the Purines? | A, G |
| What are the Pyrimidines? | C, U, T |
| What is a silent mutation? | Changes leave the same amino acid |
| What is a Point mutation? | Changes 1 base |
| What is a transition? | Changes 1 purine to another purine or pyrimidine to pyrimidine |
| What is a transversion? | Changes 1 purine to a pyrimidine or vice versa |
| What is a frameshift mutation? | Insert or delete 1-2 bases |
| What is a missense mutation? | Mistaken amino acid substitution |
| What is a nonsense mutation? | Early stop codon |
| What does a Southern blot detect? | DNA |
| What does a Nothern blot detect? | RNA |
| What does a Western blot detect? | Protein |
| What are the essential amino acids? | "PVT TIM HALL" Phe Val Trp Thr Ile Met His Arg Leu Lys |
| What are the essential fatty acids? | Linolenic |
| What are the acidic amino acids? | Asp, Glu |
| What are the basic amino acids? | Lys, Arg |
| What are the sulfur-containing amino acids? | Cys, Met |
| What are the O-bond amino acids? | Ser, Thr, Tyr |
| What are the N-bond amino acids? | Asn, Gln |
| What are the Branched amino acids? | Leu, Ile, Val |
| What are the aromatic amino acids? | Phe, Tyr, Trp |
| What is the smallest amino acid? | Gly |
| What are the ketogenic amino acids? | Lys, Leu |
| What are the glucogenic + ketogenic amino acids? | "PITT" Phe Iso Thr Trp |
| What are the glucogenic amino acids? | All the rest |
| What amino acids does Trypsin cut? | Lys, Arg |
| What amino acids does ß ME cut? | Cys, Met |
| What amino acids does Acid Hydrolysis denature? | Asn, Gln |
| What amino acids does Chymotrypsin cut? | Phe, Tyr, Trp |
| What amino acid turns yellow on Nurhydrin reaction? | Pro |
| What does Carboxypeptidase cut? | Left of any amino acid on the carboxy terminal |
| What does Aminopeptidase cut? | Right of N terminus |
| What does CNBr cut? | Right of Met |
| What does Mercaptoethanol cut? | Right of Cys, Met |
| What does Elastase cut? | Right of Gly, Ala, Ser |
| What does Trypsin cut? | Arg, Lys |
| What does Chymotrypsin cut? | Phe, Tyr, Trp |
| What does α1-AT do? | Inhibits trypsin from getting loose |
| What is PKU? | No Phe --> Tyr (via Phe hydroxylase): NutraSweet sensitivity, mental retardation, pale, blond hair, blue eyes, musty odor |
| What is Albanism? | No Tyr --> Melanin (via Tyrosinase) |
| What is Maple Syrup Urine disease? | Defective metabolism of branched aa (Leu, Iso, Val) => aa leak out |
| Wha is Homocystinuria? | No homocysteine --> Cys: "COLA" stones Cysteine, Ornithine, Lysine, Arginine |
| What is Pellagra? | Niacin deficiency: Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia, Death |
| What is Hartnup's? | No Trp => Niacin + Serotonin + Presents like Pellagra + Can mimic corn-rich diet |
| What cause anterior leg bowing? | Neonatal syphilis |
| What causes lateral leg bowing? | Rickets |
| What are names of the B vitamins? | Vit B1 - Thiamine Vit B2 - Riboflavin Vit B3 - Niacin Vit B4 - Lipoic acid Vit B5 - Pantothenic acid Vit B6 - Pyridoxine Vit B7 - Biotin Vit B9 - Folate Vit B12 - Cobalamin |
| What does Vit A do? | Night vision, CSF production, PTH |
| What does Vit B1 do? | Dehydrogenases, Transketolase (brain) (PPP) cofactors |
| What does Vit B2 do? | FAD cofactor |
| What does Vit B3 do? | NAD cofactor or NADP |
| What does Vit B4 do? | Glycolysis, no known diseases |
| What does Vit B5 do? | Part of Acetyl CoA, no known diseases |
| What does Vit B6 do? | Transaminase cofactor, myelin integrity |
| What does Vit B9 do? | Nuclear division |
| What does Vit B12 do? | Cofactor for HMT and MMM |
| What does Vitamin C do? | Collagen synthesis |
| What does Vitamin D do? | Mineralization of bones, teeth |
| What does Vitamin K do? | Clotting factors |
| What does Biotin do? | Carboxylation |
| What does Ca2+ do? | Neuronal function, atria depolarization, SM contractility |
| What does Cu2+ do? | Collagen synthesis |
| What does Fe2+ do? | Hemoglobin function, electron transport |
| What is Bronze pigmentation? | Fe2+ deposition in skin |
| What is Bronze cirrhosis? | Fe2+ deposit in liver |
| What is Bronze diabetes? | Fe2+ deposit in pancreas |
| What is Hemosiderosis? | Fe2+ overload in bone marrow |
| What is Hemochromatosis? | Fe2+ deposit in organs |
| What does Mg2+ do? | PTH and kinase cofactor |
| What does Zn2+ do? | Taste buds, hair, sperm function |
| What does Chromium do? | Insulin function |
| What does Molybdenum do? | Purine breakdown (xanthine oxidase) |
| What does Manganese do? | Glycolysis |
| What does Selenium do? | Heart function ==> dilated cardiomyopathy |
| What does Sn (tin) do? | Hair |
| What is Kwashiorkor? | Malabsorption, big belly (ascites), protein deficiency |
| What is Marasmus? | Starvation, skinny, calorie deficiency |
| Where does the Pre label send stuff to? | RER |
| Where does the Pro label send stuff to? | Golgi |
| Where does the Mannose-6-P send stuff to? | Lysosome |
| Where does the N-terminal sequence send stuff to? | Mitochondria |
| What are the 4 types of collagen? | "SCAB" Type I: Skin, bone, tendon, late wound healing Type II: Conective tissue, aqueous humor, cartilage Type III: Arteries, blood vessels, early wound repair Type IV: Basement membrane/Basal lamina, lens |
| How does Scleroderma present? | Tight skin |
| How does Ehlers Danlos present? | Hyperextensible skin |
| How does Marfan's present? | Hyperextensible joints, arachnodactyly, wingspan longer than height, Aortic root dilatation, aortic aneurysm, mitral valve prolapse. Dislocated lens from bottom of eye --> look up |
| How does Homocystinuria present? | Dislocated lens form top --> look down |
| How does Kinky hair disease present? | Hair looks like copper wire (Copper deficiency) |
| How does Scurvy present? | Bleeding gums, bleeding hair follicles |
| How does Takayasu arteritis present? | Asian female with very weak pulse |
| How does Osteogenesis imperfecta present? | Shattered bones, blue sclera |
Created by:
rakomi
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