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Carbohydrates
Ch.4 of Human Nutrition
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| photosynthesis | process by which plants create carbohydrates using the energy from sunlight |
| chlorophyll | green pigment in plants that absorbs energy from sunlight to begin the process of photosynthesis |
| glucose | primary monosaccharide and primary energy source for the body |
| simple carbohydrate | carbohydrates that consist of one sugar unit (monosaccharide) or two sugar units (disaccharides) |
| complex carbohydrate | category of carbohydrates that contain many sugar units combined. Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates. |
| monosaccharide | simple sugar that consists of a single sugar unit. The three most common monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and galactose. |
| hexose | sugar that contains 6 carbons: glucose, galactose, and fructose are common hexoses |
| fructose | sweetest of all the monosaccharides; also known as fruit sugar or levulose |
| galactose | monosaccharide that links with glucose to create the disaccharide found in dairy foods |
| disaccharide | simple sugar that consists of two sugar units combined. Most common ones are sucrose, lactose, and maltose. |
| condensation | chemical reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, and water is released |
| glycosidic bond | bond that forms when two sugar molecules are joined together after condensation |
| lactose intolerant | When maldigestion of lactose results in symptoms such as nausea, cramps, bloating, flatulence, and diarrhea. |
| lactose maldigestion | inability to digest lactose due to low levels of the enzyme lactase |
| sucrose | Disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose; also known as table sugar. |
| lactose | Disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose; also known as milk sugar. |
| maltose | Disaccharide composed of two glucose units joined together. |
| oligosaccharides | Three to 10 units of monosaccharides combined. |
| polysaccharides | Many sugar units combined. Starch, glycogen, and fiber are all polysaccharides. |
| glycogen | Storage form of glucose in animals, including humans. |
| starch | Storage form of glucose in plants. |
| amylose | Straight chain of polysaccharides found in starch. |
| amylopectin | Branched chain of polysaccharides found in starch. |
| resistant starch | Type of starch that is not digested in the GI tract but has important health benefits in the large intestine. |
| dietary fiber | Food components that humans cannot digest; most are carbohydrates. |
| cellulose | Nondigestible polysaccharide found in plant cell walls. |
| lignin | Noncarbohydrate form of dietary fiber that binds to cellulose fibers to harden and strengthen the cell walls of plants. |
| soluble fiber | Type of fiber that dissolves in water and is fermented by intestinal bacteria. Many soluble fibers are viscous and have thickening properties. |
| insoluble fiber | Type of fiber that isn't dissolved in water or fermented by intestinal bacteria. |
| functional fiber | Nondigestible polysaccharides that are added to foods because of a specific desired effect on human health. |
| salivary amylase | Digestive enzyme that begins breaking down carbohydrate (starch) in the mouth; other important enzymes during carbohydrate digestion include pancreatic amylase, maltase, sucrase, and lactase. |
| glycogenesis | Process of assembling excess glucose into glycogen in the liver and muscle cells. |
| glycogenolysis | Hydrolysis of glycogen to release glucose. |
| gluconeogenesis | Creation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, predominantly protein. |
| ketone bodies | By-products of the incomplete breakdown of fat. |
| ketosis | Condition of increased ketone bodies in the blood. |
| insulin | Hormone secreted from the beta cells of the pancreas that stimulates the uptake of glucose from the blood into the cells. |
| glucagon | Hormone secreted from the alpha cells of the pancreas that stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to increase blood levels of glucose. |
| lipogenesis | Process that converts excess glucose into fat for storage. |
| epinephrine | Hormone produced by the adrenal glands that signals the liver cells to release glucose; also referred to as the "fight or-flight" hormone. |
| norepinephrine | Hormone produced by the adrenal glands that stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. |
| cortisol | Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that stimulates gluconeogenesis and lipolysis. |
| growth hormone | Hormone that regulates glucose metabolism by increasing glycogenolysis and lipolysis. |
| hypoglycemia | Blood glucose level that drops to lower than 70 mg/dl. |
| diverticulosis | Existence of diverticula in the lining of or colon. |
| diverticula | Small bulges at weak spots in the colon wall. |
| diverticulitis | Infection of the diverticula. |
| whole grains | Grain foods that are made with the entire edible grain kernel: the bran, the endosperm, and the germ. |
| bran | Indigestible outer shell of the grain kernel. |
| endosperm | Starchy inner portion of a cereal grain. |
| germ | Vitamin-rich embryo, or seed, of a grain. |
| refined grains | Grain foods that are made with only the endosperm of the kernel. The bran and germ have been removed during milling. |
| enriched grains | Refined grain foods that have folic acid, thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, and iron added. |
| glycemic index (GI) | Rating scale of the likelihood of foods to increase the levels of blood glucose and insulin. |
| glycemic load (GL) | Amount of carbohydrate in a food multiplied by the amount of the glycemic index of that food. |
| dental caries | tooth decay |
| sugar substitutes | Alternatives to table sugar that sweeten foods for fewer kilocalories. |
| sugar alcohols | Type of sweetener often used in sugar-free foods. Includes xylitol, mannitol, and sorbitol. Also known as polyols. |
| diabetes mellitus | Medical condition whereby an individual either doesn't have enough insulin or is resistant to the insulin available, resulting in a rise in blood glucose levels. Diabetes mellitus is often called diabetes. |
| insulin resistance | Inability of the cells to respond to insulin. |
| ketoacidosis | Buildup of ketone bodies in the blood to dangerous levels, which can result in coma or death. |
| type 1 diabetes | Autoimmune form of diabetes in which the pancreas does not produce insulin. |
| type 2 diabetes | Form of diabetes characterized by insulin resistance. |
| impaired glucose tolerance | Condition whereby a fasting blood glucose level is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as having diabetes mellitus. Also called prediabetes. |
Created by:
bsauveur
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