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bio 1210 chapter 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What are the three components atoms are composed of? What are their charges? | -Proton (positively charged) -Neutron (neutral) -Electron (negatively charged) |
| Where are they located in reference to the atom? | -Protons and neutrons located in the nucleus -Electrons found on orbitals |
| Mass number vs Atomic number | -Mass # - number of protons + neutrons -Atomic # - number of protons in the nucleus |
| Isotopes | Forms of an element with different numbers of neutron. They still have the same atomic number/ number of protons |
| What are grouped orbitals defined as? | Electron group |
| When are atoms most stable? | When they are either filled or lost an electron to complete the orbitals |
| Molecule | Substances held together by covalent bonds |
| Covalent vs Ionic Bonds | Covalent bonds share valence electrons while ionic transfer atoms to another |
| Non polar vs polar bonds | Non polar has electrons that are evenly shared between two atoms and the bond and polar electrons are shared unequally |
| Ion | An atom or molecule that carries a charge |
| What is the type of bond that arises from the attraction between oppositely charged ions? | Ionic bonds |
| Molecular vs structural formulas | -Molecular formulas indicate the numbers and types of atoms in a molecule -Structural formulas indicate which atoms are bonded together (single, double, or triple) |
| Molecular Weight | Sum of mass numbers of all atoms in the molecule |
| Molarity | moles per litre |
| Hydrogen Bonds | Weak electrical attractions between the negative oxygen of one water molecule and the partially positive hydrogen of a different water molecule |
| Hydrophilic | -Attracted to water - Ex: ions, salt, polar molecules |
| Hydrophobic | Repeals water Ex: lipids, oil, fat |
| Four features of water | -Cohesive- binding between like molecules -Adhesive- binding between unlike molecules -Dense- than a solid because it expands as it changes from a liquid to a solid -Absorbs- absorbs large energy |
| pH scale | measures how basic or acidic an objets is |
| Acids vs Bases | - Acids less than 7, proton donor -Bases more than 7 proton acceptors |
| Buffers | compounds that minimize changes in pH |
| Energy | the capacity to do work or supply heat |
| Potential energy | objects position determines its ability to store energy |
| Kinetic/ thermal energy | hot = more movement cold = less movement |
| 1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics | 1st law Energy is conserved and cannot be created or destroyed 2nd law Chemical reactions result in products with less ordered energy |
| Entropy | The amount of disorder in a group of molecules. |
| Two reasons carbon is the most versatile atom on Earth? | - Four valence electron - It can form reactans |
| Functional Groups | 1. Amino 2. Carboxyl 3. carbonyl 4. Hydroxyl 5. Phosphate 6. Sulfhydryl |
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valgon3333
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