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Kinesiology Ch 1
Exam 1 material
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| kinesiology | the study of human movement |
| kinematics | looking at the motion of the human body WITHOUT regards to force/torque |
| center of mass | located anterior to sacrum by translating human body--> human movement |
| osteokinematics | motion of bones relative to 3 planes |
| degrees of freedom | the number of planes a joint can move in |
| arthokinematics | describes the motion between articulating surfaces |
| kinetics | looks at the effects of forces on the body |
| load | force that acts on the body can move/stabilize, but if excessive--> can injure |
| non-linear (toe) region | when movement starts, ligament has a little slack, lessens when tissue is engaged |
| yield point | once reached, ligament changes how sprains occur |
| elastic region | can take and remove stress, and return to normal helps brin blood flow and make the muscle more robust |
| plastic region | tissue is permanently deformed not recoverable |
| ultimate failure point | when tissue separates wholly/separately, loses ability to hold tension |
| viscoelastic | tissues that exhibit change over time |
| creep | progressive strain of material when exposed to a constant load over time |
| rate of loading | as rate of loading increases, stiffness increases ex: running |
| 2 types of joint motion | translation and rotation |
| translation | linear motion parts move parallel to every other part of the body |
| 2 types of translation | rectilinear and curvilinear |
| rectilinear translation | straight line motion (ex; reaching on table for a cup, arm) |
| curvilinear translation | ex: head bobbing while walking |
| rotation | rigid body moves in a circular path around a pivot point |
| pivot point | axis of rotation @ axis of rotation-> ZERO rotational movement occurs |
| 2 types of motion | active or passive |
| active motion | muscle contraction / stimulation ex: bending / flexing of elbow |
| passive motion | sources OTHER than muscle contraction ex: gravity, someone pushing or pulling you |
| accessory motion | passive translation that occurs in synovial joints |
| articulating surfaces | one concave and one convex - improves congruency of joints - guides motion bwtn bones - increases surface area for dissipating contact forces |
| forces can be .. | internal or external |
| internal force | produces from structures WITHIN body either active or passive internal force |
| active internal force | stimulated muscle |
| large of all internal forces | active force |
| passive internal force | tension in stretched connective tissue |
| external force | produces from forces OUTSIDE the body ex: gravity, imposed load |
| 3 planes of motion | sagittal, frontal, transverse |
| sagittal plane | cuts body into right and left pieces flexion/extension |
| frontal plane | cuts body into front and back pieces abduction / adduction |
| transverse plane | cuts body into top and bottom halves medial / lateral rotation |
| bones rotate around an axis of rotation that is______ to plane | perpendicular |
| open chain | proximal is fixed distal is free to move distal - on - proximal |
| closed chain | proximal is free distal is fixed proximal-on-distal |
| example of open chain | sitting and kicking foot straight out |
| example of closed chain | squatting |
| 3 fundamental movements between joints | roll, slide, spin |
| roll | multiple on multiple ex: tire rolling smoothly on pavement |
| slide | single on multiple ex: locking breaks on bike, skidding on pavement |
| spin | single on single ex: toy top spinning |
| close-packed position | maximal congruency minimum accessory movement near the end of R.O.M. gives natural stability to joint ligaments & capsules are taut |
| example of CPP | sitting with leg @ 90 degrees--> patella is in CPP |
| loose-packed position | any position besides CPP maximal accessory movement usually mid-range |
| example of LPP | sitting with leg extended --> patella is in LPP |
| concave-on-convex | concave member is moving roll occurs in the SAME direction as slide |
| convex-on-concave | convex member is moving roll occurs in OPPOSITE direction as slide |
| Most tendons fail at what % past pre-stretched length? | 8-13% |
| stress-strain curve is affected by.. | -age -disease -activity level -smoking -diabetes |
| is there a time component to the stress-strain curve? | no |
| static rotary equilibrium | when internal torque is equal to external torque |
| static rotary equilibrium equation | IF x D = EF x Di |
| if distance from axis of rotation... | ROTATION occurs |
| if NO distance from axis of rotation... | TRANSLATION occurs |
| factors needed to describe a vector | magnitude direction spatial orientation point of application |
| muscle action | potential for a muscle to produce torque in a particular direction in a plane |
| mechanical advantage | ratio of internal moment arm to external moment arm MA = IMA / EMA |
| 3 types of muscle contraction | isometric, concentric, eccentric |
| isometric muscle contraction | constant muscle length NO movement IT = ET |
| concentric muscle contraction | shortened muscle length IT is greater than ET medial rotation |
| eccentric muscle contraction | lengthened muscle ET is greater than IT lateral rotation |
| agonist | muscles that directly produce the motion |
| example of agonist | in elbow flexion--> biceps brachii |
| antagonist | muscles that oppose the motion |
| example of agonist | in elbow flexion--> biceps |
| synergist | muscles that work together to create a common motion |
| example of synergist | in knee extension--> quads and rectus femorus |
| force couple | individual muscles that act alone, produce force at the same time but in different directions have common pivot point |
| example of force couple | motion of anterior and posterior pelvic lifting of back |
| 3 types of lever systems | first, second, and third class |
| first class lever | axis of rotation is between forces IMA may/not be <,>,= EMA, depends on distance from axis of rotation |
| second class lever | axis of rotation is at one end of bone BODY has mechanical advantage IMA > EMA MA > 1 |
| example of second class lever | calf muscles producing torque to stand on tiptoes |
| third class lever | EXTERNAL LOAD has mechanical advantage EMA > IMA MA < 1 |
| what is the most common lever in the body? | third class |
| what is the most rare lever in the body? | second class |
| example of third class lever | elbow flexor muscles --> produce torque to support weight in hand |
| example of first class lever | head and neck extensor muscles producing torque to keep head upright in sagittal plane |
| true or false, tissues that display a steeper slope is considered to be stiffer | true |
| no matter what, the roll always occurs in what direction? | the same direction of the bone movement |
| tissue needs to have what in order for creep to occur? | viscoelasticity |
| if you initiate elbow flexion at 20 degrees and terminate the motion at 90, how much rotational motion has taken place? | 70 degrees |
| when a tissue is subjected to a bending force, it experiences ____ on the convex side and _____ on the concave side | tension ; compression |
| what nerve exits out greater sciatic foramen, goes over sacrospinous ligament, back in lesser foramen, then goes to genitals? | pudendal nerve |
| what nerve is important for continence | pudendal nerve |
| nerve(s) that exit above piriformis | superior glut nerve |
| nerve(s) that exit below piriformis | inferior gluteal nerve, sciatic, posterior femoral cutaneous , pudendal |
| greater saphenous vein empties into... | femoral vein |
| action of SM, ST, BF long head | hip extensors |
| what compartment of the leg is injured in a lateral ankle sprain | lateral leg compartment (eversion) |
| what nerve in the plantar foot innervated more skin and muscle superficially? | medial plantar nerve |
| what nerve in the plantar foot innervates more muscle deep? | lateral plantar nerve |
| what nerve splits into medial and lateral plantar nerve? | tibial nerve |
| what artery splits into medial and lateral plantar artery | posterior tibial artery |
| what nerves cover the anterior though superficially? | femoral cutaneous |
| what nerve covers the medial thigh? | obturator nerve |
| does the lateral femoral cutaneous come from the femoral nerve? | NO |
| does the saphenous nerve come from the femoral nerve? | yes |
| clonal nerve takes care of... | the bottom of the butt |
| what nerve takes care of the back of the thigh? | posterior femoral duteous nerve |
| what nerve takes care of the lower leg posteriorly? | sural nerve |
| what nerve takes care of the majority of the dorsum of the foot? | superficial peroneal |
| what nerve takes care of the first 2 toes on dorsum of foot? | deep peroneal |
| weak dorsiflexion could also mean numbness... | between first 2 toes, deep peroneal nerve |
| week PF and knee flexion could mean numbness.. | on plantar foot (tibial nerve) |
| things that support MLA | spring ligament, plantar aponeurosis, TP, PL, FDL, FHL, TA, abductor hallucis, FDB, intrinsic muscles |
| liver is on what section | right hypochondrial |
| spleen is on what section | left hypochondrial |
| stomach is on what plane | transpyloric |
Created by:
thomask9
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